Table 2.
Associations between life skills and economic prosperity, emotional and social outcomes.
| Life skill groups | p (linear contrast) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4/5 | ||
| Wealth (% in highest quintile) Adjusted OR (95% CI) N = 8416 |
17.6 (0.9) 1 (ref) |
20.1 (0.8) 1.20 (1.01–1.41) |
20.7 (0.9) 1.27 (1.07–1.51) |
21.4 (1.1) 1.32 (1.09–1.60) |
21.7 (1.3) 1.37 (1.11–1.68) |
0.006 |
| Income (% in highest quintile) Adjusted OR (95% CI) N = 8416 |
18.8 (0.8) 1 (ref) |
18.7 (0.7) 1.01 (0.85–1.20) |
20.7 (0.8) 1.18 (0.99–1.41) |
20.8 (1.1) 1.17 (0.96–1.42) |
23.9 (1.3) 1.45 (1.17–1.79) |
<0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms (% above threshold) Adjusted OR (95% CI) N = 8231 |
21.0 (0.7) 1 (ref) |
12.2 (0.6) 0.51 (0.43–0.60) |
8.1 (0.7) 0.32 (0.26–0.39) |
4.6 (0.9) 0.15 (0.11–0.21) |
0.42 (1.1) 0.12 (0.08–0.18) |
<0.001 |
| Anxiety (mean rating) Beta (SE) N = 8757 |
1.87 (0.01) Ref |
1.62 (0.01) −0.197 (0.012) |
1.44 (0.01) −0.311 (0.012) |
1.32 (0.02) −0.330 (0.011) |
1.22 (0.02) −0.340 (0.011) |
<0.001 |
| Financial strain (% above threshold) Adjusted OR (95% CI) N = 8677 |
35.7 (0.9) 1 (ref) |
31.2 (0.8) 0.79 (0.69–0.90) |
23.4 (0.9) 0.50 (0.43–0.58) |
22.2 (1.2) 0.47 (0.39–0.55) |
16.5 (1.4) 0.30 (0.24–0.37) |
<0.001 |
| Chronic stress (mean rating) Beta (SE) N = 4456 |
3.87 (0.09) Ref |
3.22 (0.08) −0.096 (0.017) |
2.61 (0.09) −0.172 (0.017) |
2.23 (0.12) −0.182 (0.016) |
1.74 (0.14) −0.206 (0.016) |
<0.001 |
| Social isolation (% isolated) Adjusted OR (95% CI) N = 6824 |
19.5 (0.9) 1 (ref) |
17.9 (0.8) 0.91 (0.77–1.08) |
14.4 (0.9) 0.71 (0.58–0.85) |
15.0 (1.2) 0.74 (0.59–0.92) |
13.1 (1.4) 0.61 (0.46–0.80) |
<0.001 |
| Loneliness (mean rating) Beta (SE) N = 8807 |
1.69 (0.01) 1 (ref) |
1.52 (0.01) −0.148 (0.012) |
1.35 (0.01) −0.270 (0.012) |
1.26 (0.01) −0.283 (0.012) |
1.19 (0.02) −0.284 (0.011) |
<0.001 |
| Close relationships (mean number) Beta (SE) N = 8794 |
8.38 (0.12) Ref |
9.01 (0.10) 0.053 (0.013) |
9.38 (0.12) 0.077 (0.013) |
10.10 (0.15) 0.109 (0.012) |
10.09 (0.18) 0.095 (0.012) |
<0.001 |
| Volunteering (% volunteering) Adjusted OR (95% CI) N = 8521 |
31.4 (1.0) 1 (ref) |
33.4 (0.9) 1.11 (0.97–1.26) |
38.3 (1.1) 1.37 (1.20–1.57) |
40.9 (1.4) 1.53 (1.31–1.78) |
42.3 (1.6) 1.61 (1.35–1.90) |
<0.001 |
Note: Percentage or mean with standard error in parentheses. All values are adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, father’s education, own education and baseline cognitive performance.