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. 2018 Jun 29;9:1495. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01495

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Copyright © 2018 Lin, Huang, Wu, Liu, Chen, Ma, Zhang, Liu, Huang, Li, Zhang, Hou, Yang, Lu and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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P3C treatment leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in vivo with and without hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. (A) C57BL/6 mice were treated once with 50 or 100 µg of Pam3CSK (P3C) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) subcutaneously administered at day 0. (B) C57BL/6 mice received hydrodynamic injection with plasmid pAAV-HBV1.2 4 days (D-4) before P3C treatment, followed by a single SC injection with 50 µg of P3C or PBS at day 0 (D0). The serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and TNF-α were measured using specific ELISAs. Data were analyzed using an unpaired Student’s t test. Statistically significant differences between the groups are indicated as *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01.