Table 3.

Features of gut dysbiosis in disease states or during and after treatment.

Category	Disease	Number of subjects (patient/ healthy controls)	Characteristics of gut dysbiosisa	References
Cancer	Colorectal cancer	49/93	Lower total bacterial count; lower count of major strict anaerobes and some facultative anaerobes	Ohigashi et al., 2013
	Gastric cancer	190/31	Lower count of C. coccoides group; higher count of Enterobacteriaceae and lactobacilli	Aoki et al., 2012
Inflammatory bowel disease	Ulcerative colitis	65/73	Lower total bacterial count; lower count of major strict anaerobes	Takaishi et al., 2008
	Ulcerative colitis	31/17/34*	Lower total bacterial count and lower count of major strict anaerobes, especially some genus of Clostridium cluster XIVa, in active UC patients vs. healthy controls and quiescent UC patients	Takeshita et al., 2016
	Crohn's disease	65/23	Lower total bacterial count; lower count of major strict anaerobes	Takaishi et al., 2008
Metabolic disease	Type 2 diabetes	50/50	Lower count of major strict anaerobes; higher count of lactobacilli	Sato et al., 2014
Nerve and mental diseases	Anorexia nervosa	21/25	Lower total bacterial count; lower count of major strict anaerobes and streptococci	Morita et al., 2015
	Major depressive disorder	57/43	Lower count of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli	Aizawa et al., 2016
	Parkinson's disease	36/52	Lower count of major strict anaerobes; higher count of lactobacilli	Hasegawa et al., 2015
	Ischemic stroke	41/40	Lower count of major strict anaerobes; higher count of enterococci	Yamashiro et al., 2017
Injury	Critical illness	15/12	Lower count of major strict anaerobes and lactobacilli	Hayakawa et al., 2011
Category	Operation	Number of subjects (before/ after operation)	Characteristics of gut dysbiosisb	References
Surgery	Laparoscopic colorectal surgery	97/97	Decrease in count of major strict anaerobes along with total bacterial count; increase in some facultative anaerobes	Komatsu et al., 2016
	Esophagectomy	34/34	Decrease in major strict anaerobes along with total bacterial count and increase in some facultative anaerobes	Tanaka et al., 2012
	Gastroenterological surgery	23/23	Increase in major facultative anaerobes such as Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus	Okazaki et al., 2013
Chemotherapy	Neoadjuvant chemotherapy	27/31	Decrease in major strict anaerobes along with total bacterial count and increase in some facultative anaerobesb	Motoori et al., 2017

^aPatients vs. healthy controls;

^bbefore vs. after surgery or chemotherapy.

^*active ulcerative colitis / quiescent ulcerative colitis / healthy controls.