Table 2.
Berry hormones in response to environmental factors.
| Plant material | Region (Country) | Year | Experiment | Environmental factor | Berry tissue | Trend | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water deficit (WD) | |||||||
| Baco noir | Ontario, Canada | 2006–2007 | Field experiment | NI, and different levels of irrigation at different berry phases | Berry skin and pulp | WD increased ABA and ABA-GE. Irrigation enhanced DPA content | Balint and Reynolds, 2013a |
| Chardonnay | Ontario, Canada | 2006–2007 | Field experiment | NI, and different levels of irrigation at different berry phases | Berry skin and pulp | WD increased ABA and ABA-GE in both skin and pulp while decreased PA and DPA content in berry pulp | Balint and Reynolds, 2016 |
| Pinot noir | Geinseingeim (Germany) | 2009–2010 | Field experiments | WS | Whole berry | WS induced genes related with the JA metabolism | Berdeja et al., 2015 |
| Tempranillo | Navarra (Spain) | 2010 | Fruit-bearing cuttings grown under controlled conditions | SDI | Whole berry | At the pea-size stage, SDI berries had lower IAA and higher JA and SA than non-stressed berries. At véraison (onset of ripening), accumulation of ABA was less accentuated in SDI than in control berries | Niculcea et al., 2013 |
| Tempranillo and Graciano | Navarra (Spain) | 2011 | Fruit-bearing cuttings grown under controlled conditions | ED and LD | Whole berry | ED caused an earlier ABA peak and LD postponed the peak. ED increased JA and SA concentrations in Tempranillo, and decreased IAA and JA and increased SA at pea size in Graciano | Niculcea et al., 2014 |
| Tempranillo | Estremoz (Portugal) | 2007 and 2008 | Field experiment | NI vs. DI | Berry skin | NI increased ABA content at véraison (in 2007). DI increased ABA concentration in both years | Zarrouk et al., 2012 |
| Temperature (T) and water deficit (WD) | |||||||
| Tempranillo | Alentejo (Portugal) | 2013–2014 | Field experiments | SDI and RDI, more hours of higher temperature depending on the cluster position | Berry skin | HT and RDI decreased free ABA content, the combination between both factors decreased ABA-GE and increased PA and DPA (in 2013) at full maturity | Zarrouk et al., 2016 |
| Light (L) and UV radiation (UV) | |||||||
| Gamay Fréaux and Gamay | Bordeaux (France) | n.m. | Field experiments | L exposition and L exclusion | Berry flesh and skin | Light exclusion reduced free ABA, ABA-GE, PA, and DPA | Guan et al., 2016 |
| Temperature (T) and light (L) | |||||||
| V. lambrusca (Pione) | Hiroshima (Japan) | n.m. | Research vineyard | L (white and UV) vs. Dark and elevated T | Berry skin | Elevated T decreased ABA content | Azuma et al., 2012 |
| Muscat Hamburg | Navarra (Spain) | 2006 | Fruit bearing cuttings grown under controlled conditions | HT (35°C) and HL (400 μmol m-2 s-1) | De-seeded Berries | HT increased ABA content at different days during ripening | Carbonell-Bejerano et al., 2013 |
| Kyoho | n.m. | n.m. | Potted vines in phytotron | T: 25, 27, and 30°C; and shade or sun-exposed | Berry skin | HT and sun exposure decreased ABA content | Shinomiya et al., 2015 |
ABA, abscisic acid; ABA-GE, ABA-glucosylester; CK, cytokinin; DI, deficit irrigation; DPA, dihydrophaseic acid; ED, early water deficit; ET, evapotranspiration; HS, heat stress; IAA, indol-3-acetic acid; JA, Jasmonic acid; L, light; LD, late water deficit; LS, light stress; LT, low temperature; n.m., not mentioned; NI, non irrigated; PRI, partial root irrigation; RDI, regulated deficit irrigation; SA, salicylic acid; SDI, sustained deficit irrigation; T, Temperature; UV, UV radiation; WD, water deficit; WS, water stress.