Table 3.
Benefits of AMF for grapevines.
| Plant material | Experiment | Mycorrhizal presence | Other factors | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant water status and photosynthesis | |||||
| Asgari, Khalili, Keshmeshi and Shahroodi | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and a mixture of species | AMF inoculation improved or maintain chlorophyll content | Eftekhari et al., 2012b | |
| Crimson | Commercial vineyard | Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum sp. nova | Two years monitoring | AMF inoculation improved the photosynthetic performance, plant water status and increased WUE | Nicolás et al., 2015 |
| Cabernet Sauvignon | Commercial vineyard | n.m. | RDI, ED and LD | AMF inoculation enhanced drought tolerance by compensating the reduced root length due to the more severe water deficits | Schreiner et al., 2007 |
| Plant growth and nutrient uptake | |||||
| P1103 rootstock- Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris | Seedlings grown in greenhouses | Dentiscutata heterogama, G. gigantea, Acaulospora morrowiae, Acaulospora colombiana, Rhizophagus clarus, Rhizophagus irregularis | Soil with high content in Cu | R. clarus and R. irregularis improved root dry mass although no effect on chlorophylls was observed | Ambrosini et al., 2015 |
| Cabernet Sauvignon | Field experiment | Glomus intraradices BEG 72 | Infection by Armillaria mellea | AMF inoculation increased plant shoot dry weight | Camprubí et al., 2008 |
| Selection Oppenheim 4 (SO4) rootstock | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Glomus intraradices | Infection by Xiphinema index | AMF increased shoot and root mass in both infected or not with the nematode | Hao et al., 2012 |
| Razaki | Potted vines grown outdoors | Glomus mosseae | Different N fertilizers | AMF increased shoot dry weight and number of leaves | Karagiannidis et al., 2007 |
| Crimson | Commercial vineyard | Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum sp. nova | Two years monitoring | AMF inoculation increased yield and improved quality of grapes | Nicolás et al., 2015 |
| Cabernet Sauvignon | Field experiments | Glomus intraradices | Two rootstocks and infection by Armillaria mellea | AMF increased total biomass | Nogales et al., 2009b |
| Pinot noir | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | G. mosseae, G. intraradices and S. calospora | AMF inoculation improved growth, native AMF were not necessary better than non-native ones | Schreiner, 2007 | |
| SO4 and R110 rootstocks | Plants in a growth chamber | Rhizophagus irregularis | Infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. herbemontis | AMF inoculation increased growth as a defense mechanism | Vilvert et al., 2017 |
| P1103 rootstock- Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris | Seedlings grown in greenhouses | D. heterogama, G. gigantea, A. morrowiae, A. colombiana, R. clarus and R. irregularis | Soil with high content in Cu | R. clarus and R. irregularis improved P absorption in contaminated soils | Ambrosini et al., 2015 |
| Razaki | Potted vines grown outdoors | Glomus mosseae | Different N fertilizers | AMF modified the mineral concentration of leaves (increased P, K, and B and decreased Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu) | Karagiannidis et al., 2007 |
| Crimson | Commercial vineyard | Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum sp. nova | Two years monitoring | AMF inoculation promoted the uptake of P, K and Ca and the mobilization of starch reserves for root development | Nicolás et al., 2015 |
| Pinot noir | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | G. mosseae, G. intraradices and S. calospora | AMF inoculation improved P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and B uptake in some soil, and the nutrient content in stems, leaves, petioles and roots | Schreiner, 2007 | |
| Pathogen resistance | |||||
| Cabernet Sauvignon | Field experiment | Glomus intraradices BEG 72 | Infection by Armillaria mellea | AMF inoculation decreased plant mortality | Camprubí et al., 2008 |
| SO4 rootstock | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Glomus intraradices | Infection by Xiphinema index | AMF induced protection against the parasitic nematode decreasing its presence in mycorrhizal roots | Hao et al., 2012 |
| Richter 110 rootstock | Potted vines grown in greenhouses and shadowhouses | Glomus intraradices | Infection by Armillaria mellea | AMF inoculation provided pathogen resistance | Nogales et al., 2009a |
| SO4 and R110 rootstocks | Plants in a growth chamber | Rhizophagus irregularis | Infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. herbemontis | AMF inoculation provided pathogen resistance by increasing the expression of defense-proteins | Vilvert et al., 2017 |
| Metabolism and phenolic content | |||||
| Pinot noir, Divico and Chasselas | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Rhizophagus irregularis | Leaf infection by Plasmopara viticola or Botrytis cinerea | AMF inoculation increased the active forms of resveratrol, viniferins and pterostilbene. | Bruisson et al., 2016 |
| Asgari, Khalili, Keshmeshi, and Shahroodi | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and a mixture of species. | AMF inoculation enhanced total phenols and quercetin in leaves. | Eftekhari et al., 2012a | |
| Asgari, Khalili, Keshmeshi and Shahroodi | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and a mixture of species | AMF inoculation improved total sugars and phenol content in leaves | Eftekhari et al., 2012b | |
| Tempranillo | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Glomus intraradices | T: +4°C | AMF inoculation increased leaf total phenols and total antioxidant capacity, especially at elevated temperature | Torres et al., 2015 |
| Tempranillo | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Glomus intraradices | T: +4°C | AMF inoculation increased must phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity, under elevated temperature | Torres et al., 2016 |
| Tempranillo | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Glomus intraradices | T: +4°C, ED and LD | AMF inoculation improved the effects of LD irrigation on grape quality under elevated temperature | Torres et al., 2018 |
| Gene regulation | |||||
| Pinot noir | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Two different inocula: (1) Glomus mosseae (2) 40% crude inoculum of AMF (Glomus spp., G. mosseae, and G. viscosum), and 21.6% bacteria and saprotrophic fungi | Mycorrhizal inoculation upregulated genes related with nutrient transport, TF, cell wall metabolism in relation with the arbuscular colonization, genes involved in the ABA level. Ethylene responsive factor genes were down regulated | Balestrini et al., 2017 | |
| Pinot noir, Divico and Chasselas | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Rhizophagus irregularis | Leaf infection by Plasmopara viticola or Botrytis cinerea | AMF inoculation up-regulated stilbenoid biosynthesis genes related to defence mechanisms in leaves. | Bruisson et al., 2016 |
| Selection Oppenheim 4 (SO4) rootstock | Potted vines grown under controled conditions | Glomus irregulare and Glomus mosseae | P starvation | AMF colonization increased genes and proteins involved in carbon metabolism due to P deficiency, P remobilisation, stress and defence, development and root architecture. | Cangahuala-Inocente et al., 2011 |
| SO4 rootstock | Potted vines grown in greenhouses | Glomus intraradices | Infection by Xiphinema index | AMF up-regulated defence-related Vitis genes) | Hao et al., 2012 |
Ca, calcium; Cu, copper; ED, early water deficit; Fe, iron; LD, late water deficit; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; RDI, regulated deficit irrigation; T, temperature; TF, transcription factor; WS, water stress; WUE, water use efficiency.