Table 1.
Characteristics of study sample: US population aged ≥18 years in the NHANES 2011–2014.
| Characteristic | Total number of particpants (N = 722) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | ||
| Number of participant | 341 | 381 | |
| Age (y) | 56.59 ± 11.37 | 56.36 ± 11.71 | 0.785 |
| Weight (kg) | 84.45 ± 18.40 | 75.20 ± 20.43 | <0.001 |
| Standing height (cm) | 172.93 ± 7.52 | 160.40 ± 6.96 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.18 ± 5.53 | 29.19 ± 7.38 | 0.186 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.78 ± 17.63 | 125.35 ± 19.41 | 0.318 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.19 ± 13.14 | 70.37 ± 13.08 | 0.026 |
| Serum copper (ug/dL) | 108.42 ± 19.69 | 130.52 ± 25.43 | <0.001 |
| Serum selenium (ug/L) | 133.52 ± 18.46 | 129.33 ± 18.89 | 0.003 |
| Serum zinc (ug/dL) | 81.80 ± 15.87 | 80.44 ± 14.47 | 0.230 |
| Serum lipids | |||
| Total cholesterol | 195.55 ± 42.49 | 200.83 ± 41.12 | 0.091 |
| Triglyceride | 132.26 ± 90.14 | 102.13 ± 52.18 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol | 50.11 ± 15.91 | 60.29 ± 15.62 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 120.27 ± 39.69 | 120.55 ± 39.21 | 0.946 |
| Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | |||
| Total femur | 1.00 ± 0.14 | 0.91 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Femoral neck | 0.81 ± 0.14 | 0.76 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Total spine | 1.02 ± 0.16 | 0.99 ± 0.16 | 0.048 |
| Race | 0.512 | ||
| Mexican American | 51 (14.96%) | 48 (12.60%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 27 (7.92%) | 43 (11.29%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 151 (44.28%) | 166 (43.57%) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 67 (19.65%) | 69 (18.11%) | |
| Other race | 45 (13.20%) | 55 (14.44%) | |
| Total fracture | 0.775 | ||
| No | 251 (73.61%) | 284 (74.54%) | |
| Yes | 90 (26.39%) | 97 (25.46%) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 0.035 | ||
| No | 314 (92.08%) | 365 (95.80%) | |
| Yes | 27 (7.92%) | 16 (4.20%) | |
| Dyslipidaemia | <0.001 | ||
| No | 210 (61.58%) | 302 (79.27%) | |
| Yes | 131 (38.42%) | 79 (20.73%) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 189 (55.43%) | 136 (35.70%) | |
| No | 152 (44.57%) | 245 (64.30%) | |
| Alcohol drinking | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 261 (84.74%) | 219 (62.57%) | |
| No | 47 (15.26%) | 131 (37.43%) | |
| Moderate work activity | 0.070 | ||
| Yes | 106 (31.27%) | 96 (25.20%) | |
| No | 233 (68.73%) | 285 (74.80%) | |
HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SD = standard deviation.
Values are mean ± SD or n (%).