Table 2.
Characteristics of study sample among serum copper quartiles.
| Characteristic | Serum copper (ug/dL) |
p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <98.5 | 98.5 to 114 | 114 to 34 | ≥134 | ||
| Number of participants | 142 | 184 | 214 | 182 | |
| Age (y) | 54.95 ± 11.03 | 57.83 ± 11.85 | 56.82 ± 11.26 | 55.86 ± 11.88 | 0.127 |
| Weight (kg) | 79.17 ± 18.25 | 77.55 ± 16.97 | 78.79 ± 21.10 | 82.91 ± 22.52 | 0.065 |
| Standing height (cm) | 170.85 ± 8.67 | 168.31 ± 10.09 | 165.06 ± 9.17 | 162.29 ± 8.09 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.99 ± 5.18 | 27.26 ± 4.77 | 28.78 ± 6.75 | 31.44 ± 7.95 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.23 ± 16.77 | 124.56 ± 16.90 | 126.80 ± 19.46 | 128.00 ± 20.35 | 0.205 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.31 ± 10.34 | 71.21 ± 13.33 | 70.21 ± 13.38 | 70.85 ± 14.44 | 0.195 |
| Serum selenium (ug/L) | 132.18 ± 18.11 | 132.47 ± 19.08 | 130.27 ± 19.35 | 130.67 ± 18.41 | 0.603 |
| Serum zinc (ug/dL) | 80.14 ± 17.20 | 81.16 ± 13.62 | 80.06 ± 14.93 | 82.95 ± 15.12 | 0.233 |
| Serum lipids (mg/dL) | |||||
| Total cholesterol | 192.24 ± 42.30 | 198.31 ± 41.74 | 198.82 ± 43.14 | 202.56 ± 39.68 | 0.182 |
| Triglyceride | 130.94 ± 96.70 | 116.51 ± 86.87 | 113.06 ± 61.34 | 108.25 ± 50.06 | 0.221 |
| HDL-cholesterol | 52.91 ± 15.83 | 54.84 ± 17.92 | 54.76 ± 13.51 | 59.02 ± 18.38 | 0.006 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 113.57 ± 37.05 | 116.74 ± 37.16 | 127.00 ± 44.29 | 121.83 ± 36.78 | 0.115 |
| Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | |||||
| Total femur | 0.95 ± 0.14 | 0.97 ± 0.16 | 0.93 ± 0.15 | 0.96 ± 0.15 | 0.123 |
| Femoral neck | 0.77 ± 0.13 | 0.80 ± 0.15 | 0.78 ± 0.14 | 0.81 ± 0.15 | 0.086 |
| Total spine | 1.00 ± 0.13 | 0.99 ± 0.17 | 1.01 ± 0.16 | 1.03 ± 0.15 | 0.288 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||||
| Man | 111 (78.17%) | 116 (63.04%) | 85 (39.72%) | 29 (15.93%) | |
| Woman | 31 (21.83%) | 68 (36.96%) | 129 (60.28%) | 153 (84.07%) | |
| Race | <0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 20 (14.08%) | 21 (11.41%) | 28 (13.08%) | 30 (16.48%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 11 (7.75%) | 17 (9.24%) | 22 (10.28%) | 20 (10.99%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 68 (47.89%) | 87 (47.28%) | 91 (42.52%) | 71 (39.01%) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 10 (7.04%) | 25 (13.59%) | 51 (23.83%) | 50 (27.47%) | |
| Other race | 33 (23.24%) | 34 (18.48%) | 22 (10.28%) | 11 (6.04%) | |
| Total fracture | 0.974 | ||||
| No | 104 (73.24%) | 136 (73.91%) | 161 (75.23%) | 134 (73.63%) | |
| Yes | 38 (26.76%) | 48 (26.09%) | 53 (24.77%) | 48 (26.37%) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 0.112 | ||||
| No | 138 (97.18%) | 171 (92.93%) | 196 (91.59%) | 174 (95.60%) | |
| Yes | 4 (2.82%) | 13 (7.07%) | 18 (8.41%) | 8 (4.40%) | |
| Dyslipidaemia | 0.257 | ||||
| No | 95 (66.90%) | 124 (67.39%) | 158 (73.83%) | 135 (74.18%) | |
| Yes | 47 (33.10%) | 60 (32.61%) | 56 (26.17%) | 47 (25.82%) | |
| Smoking | 0.693 | ||||
| Yes | 60 (42.25%) | 80 (43.48%) | 103 (48.13%) | 82 (45.05%) | |
| No | 82 (57.75%) | 104 (56.52%) | 111 (51.87%) | 100 (54.95%) | |
| Alcohol drinking | 0.025 | ||||
| Yes | 100 (77.52%) | 128 (78.05%) | 144 (72.73%) | 108 (64.67%) | |
| No | 29 (22.48%) | 36 (21.95%) | 54 (27.27%) | 59 (35.33%) | |
| Moderate physical activity | 0.451 | ||||
| Yes | 38 (26.95%) | 53 (28.96%) | 67 (31.31%) | 44 (24.18%) | |
| No | 103 (73.05%) | 130 (71.04%) | 147 (68.69%) | 138 (75.82%) | |
HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; SD = standard deviation.
Values are mean ± SD or n (%).