Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Control (n=20) | HFpEF (n=38) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62±11 | 69±11 | 0.01 |
| Female sex (%) | 50 | 50 | 1.0 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.5±4.8 | 34.1±6.8 | 0.0003 |
|
| |||
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 90 | 92 | 1.0 |
| Coronary disease* (%) | 20 | 39 | 0.4 |
| Diabetes (%) | 20 | 39 | 0.4 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 10 | 18 | 0.5 |
|
| |||
| Medications | |||
| ACEI or ARB (%) | 50 | 71 | 0.2 |
| β-blocker (%) | 40 | 74 | 0.02 |
| Loop diuretic (%) | 15 | 39 | 0.1 |
| Nitrate (%) | 25 | 32 | 0.6 |
|
| |||
| Laboratories | |||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.9±1.3 | 12.5±1.4 | 0.0003 |
| Creatinine | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.15 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.02 |
| GDF-15 (pg/mL) | 680 (613, 954) | 1387 (999,2119) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Echocardiography | |||
| LV end-diastolic dimension (mm) | 48±4 | 48±5 | 0.7 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 88±20 | 86±22 | 0.8 |
| LV ejection fraction | 62±8 | 61±8 | 0.9 |
| Mitral E (cm/sec) | 66±18 | 92±25 | <0.0001 |
| E/A ratio | 1.0±0.6 | 1.3±0.7 | 0.3 |
| E/e′ ratio | 8±2 | 14±6 | <0.0001 |
| LA volume index (ml/m2) | 29 (20, 41) | 39 (33, 57) | 0.01 |
*
The presence or absence of coronary disease was determined by angiography in 15 controls (75%) and 26 HFpEF patients (68%), by stress imaging in 6 HFpEF patients and 2 controls, and by clinical history alone in 6 HFpEF patients and 3 controls.
ACEI indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; E/A, ratio of early to late diastolic transmitral flow velocity; E/e′, ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; and NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide.