Fig. 3.

PS was infused into the bladder and 24 hours after the infusion, there was a significant increase in nociceptive signaling in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in response to noxious CRD. (A–F) Administration of linaclotide significantly reduced the number of pERK-IR–activated neurons (black arrows) in the T10-T12 (A and B) and T12-L1 (C and D) spinal cord compared with vehicle-treated rats, but it had no significant effect on L6-S1 of the spinal cord (E and F). (n = X/X denotes the number of animals/number of sections). Data are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post-test. ^††††P < 0.0001 (compared with PS plus vehicle). LIN, linaclotide; VEH, vehicle.