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. 2018 Jul 5;19:522. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4901-9

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Expression profile-based integration of HERVs/MaLRs in immunity genes related pathways. a The gene-centred network illustrates HERV/MaLR integration in the “role of pattern recognition receptors in recognition of bacteria and viruses” pathway (PRR). Seven genes specific for this pathway are depicted (oval frames) together with their parental chromosome. HERV/MaLR elements associated with these unique genes were identified using both Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and co-expression between HERVs/MaLRs and genes. Tolerisable and non-tolerisable elements are represented by empty or green boxes, respectively. Ten HERV/MaLR elements belong exclusively to the PRR pathway (top rectangular frames), while 22 HERVs/MaLRs loci are shared by several pathways (bottom rectangular frames). Five HERV/MaLR elements are located at a distance of less than 40 kb from the OAS3 and OAS2 or C5AR1/C5AR2 genes (dark blue font and turquoise connectors, C5AR2 absent from the microarray). Four HERV/MaLR elements are located in a 40 kb window (large turquoise rectangle) flanked by IFI44 and IFI44L genes (connected by a dotted line as absent from the microarray). b HERVs/MALRs integration in several pathways. The HERV/MaLR-centred network illustrates the integration of HERVs and MaLRs elements within 11 networks (grey boxes). Tolerisable and non-tolerisable elements are represented by empty or green boxes, respectively. Ten out of 15 tolerisable HERV/MaLR elements are exclusively linked to the 4 pathways at the top (red connectors), “activation of IRF by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors”, “role of pattern recognition receptors in recognition of bacteria and viruses”, “interferon signalling” and “role of RIG1-like receptors in antiviral innate immunity”. Three elements are exclusively associated with 3 pathways (2 out of the 3 non-tolerisable elements and 1 tolerisable element), “dendritic cell maturation”, “TREM1 signalling”, and “LXR/RXR activation” (green connectors)