Table 2.
Bivariate and multivariate GEE analysis of factors associated with use of withdrawal management services in people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada (n = 2001)
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p – value** | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p – value** |
| Male | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.26 (0.97–1.64) | 0.084 | 1.62 (1.17–2.24) | 0.004 |
| White Ethnicity | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.07 (0.84–1.36) | 0.599 | – | – |
| Age | ||||
| (per 10 year increase) | 0.66 (0.59–0.74) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.70–0.94) | 0.005 |
| Homelessness* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 2.47 (2.01–3.04) | < 0.001 | 1.86 (1.45–2.38) | < 0.001 |
| In a stable relationship | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.82 (0.67–1.01) | 0.064 | 0.91 (0.72–1.14) | 0.402 |
| Incarceration* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.54 (1.16–2.05) | 0.003 | – | – |
| Regular Employment* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 0.878 | – | – |
| Sex Work* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.58 (1.18–2.12) | 0.002 | 1.42 (0.95–2.11) | 0.085 |
| Daily Heroin Use* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.58 (1.25–2.01) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Daily Cocaine Use* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.97 (1.45–2.67) | < 0.001 | 1.40 (0.98–1.99) | 0.066 |
| Daily Methamphetamine Use* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.33 (0.88–2.01) | 0.179 | – | – |
| Daily Prescription Opioid Use* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.58 (1.11–2.24) | 0.011 | 1.37 (0.92–2.04) | 0.119 |
| High Risk Alcohol Use*† | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.21 (0.94–1.56) | 0.143 | – | – |
| Binge Use (any substance) | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.63 (1.35–1.96) | < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.08–1.67) | 0.009 |
| Injection Drug Use (any substance)* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 2.19 (1.68–2.85) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Overdose* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.70 (1.19–2.44) | 0.004 | – | – |
| Use at Supervised Injection Facility* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 2.24 (1.81–2.77) | < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.30–2.11) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital Admission* | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.40 (1.13–1.73) | 0.002 | 1.29 (0.99–1.67) | 0.061 |
| Mental Health illness | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.23 (0.96–1.57) | 0.101 | – | – |
| Opioid Agonist Therapy | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 0.556 | – | – |
| Other Addiction Treatment/Supports*‡ | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 3.64 (2.94–4.52) | < 0.001 | 3.34 (2.64–4.22) | < 0.001 |
* in the last 6 months
† as per NIAAA guidelines (> 3 drinks/day or 7 drinks/week for females and > 4 drinks/day or 14 drinks/week for males)
‡ Other than withdrawal management services or opioid agonist therapy
** A bivariate and multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was created based on examination of the quasi-likelihood under the independence model criterion (QIC) for GEE and p-values