Table 1.
Prevalence of ACEs and demographic characteristics of the sample
| Variable | PD No n (%) | PD Yes n (%) | Total N (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cumulative ACE Variables | ||||
| Any ACE | ||||
| No | 131 (15) | 16 (5) | 147 (13) | |
| Yes | 735 (85) | 308 (95) | 1043 (87) | < 0.001 |
| ACE score categories | ||||
| None (0 ACEs) | 131 (15) | 16 (5) | 147 (13) | |
| 1 ACE | 180 (21) | 55 (17) | 235 (20) | |
| 2 ACEs | 161 (19) | 51 (16) | 212 (18) | |
| 3 ACEs | 137 (16) | 44 (14) | 181 (15) | |
| 4 or more ACEs | 257 (30) | 158 (49) | 415 (35) | < 0.001 |
| Level of ACEs | ||||
| None (0 ACEs) | 131 (15) | 16 (5) | 147 (12) | |
| Low (1 to 5) | 640 (74) | 228 (70) | 868 (73) | |
| High (6 or more) | 95 (11) | 80 (25) | 175 (15) | < 0.001 |
| Abuse | ||||
| No | 731 (69) | 220 (53) | 951 (64) | |
| Yes | 328 (31) | 196 (47) | 524 (36) | < 0.001 |
| Neglect | ||||
| No | 812 (74) | 217 (50) | 1029 (67) | |
| Yes | 282 (26) | 214 (50) | 496 (33) | < 0.001 |
| Household dysfunction | ||||
| No | 169 (16) | 29 (7) | 198 (13) | |
| Yes | 892 (84) | 400 (93) | 1292 (87) | < 0.001 |
| Individual ACE Variables | ||||
| Emotional abuse | ||||
| No | 812 (74) | 256 (59) | 1068 (70) | |
| Yes | 282 (26) | 175 (41) | 457 (30) | < 0.001 |
| Sexual abuse | ||||
| No | 1032 (97) | 385 (93) | 1417 (96) | |
| Yes | 31 (3) | 27 (7) | 58 (4) | 0.001 |
| Physical abuse | ||||
| No | 997 (94) | 369 (89) | 1366 (92) | |
| Yes | 68 (6) | 44 (11) | 112 (8) | 0.005 |
| Emotional neglect | ||||
| No | 861 (78) | 235 (54) | 1096 (72) | |
| Yes | 236 (22) | 197 (46) | 433 (28) | < 0.001 |
| Physical neglect | ||||
| No | 992 (91) | 355 (82) | 1347 (88) | |
| Yes | 101 (9) | 77 (18) | 178 (12) | < 0.001 |
| Domestic violence | ||||
| No | 977 (90) | 346 (80) | 1323 (87) | |
| Yes | 114 (10) | 84 (20) | 198 (13) | < 0.001 |
| Parental divorce/separation | ||||
| No | 534 (57) | 179 (51) | 713 (55) | |
| Yes | 401 (43) | 174 (49) | 575 (45) | 0.039 |
| Parental death | ||||
| No | 794 (73) | 305 (70) | 1099 (72) | |
| Yes | 301 (27) | 128 (30) | 429 (28) | 0.417 |
| Substance abuse | ||||
| No | 836 (76) | 278 (64) | 1114 (73) | |
| Yes | 264 (24) | 155 (36) | 419 (27) | < 0.001 |
| Mental illness | ||||
| No | 1003 (91) | 345 (80) | 1348 (88) | |
| Yes | 96 (9) | 88 (20) | 184 (12) | < 0.001 |
| Imprisonment | ||||
| No | 852 (78) | 325 (75) | 1177 (77) | |
| Yes | 246 (22) | 108 (25) | 354 (23) | 0.289 |
| Chronic illness | ||||
| No | 837 (76) | 292 (68) | 1129 (74) | |
| Yes | 259 (24) | 140 (32) | 399 (26) | < 0.001 |
| Unemployment | ||||
| No | 644 (59) | 222 (51) | 866 (57) | |
| Yes | 456 (41) | 211 (49) | 667 (43) | 0.010 |
| Age | 23 (SD 0.6) | 23 (SD 0.6) | 23 (SD 0.6) | 0.494 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 538 (49) | 228 (52) | 766 (50) | |
| Marital relationship | 567 (51) | 207 (48) | 774 (50) | 0.188 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 594 (54) | 150 (34) | 744 (48) | |
| Female | 516 (46) | 288 (66) | 804 (52) | < 0.001 |
| SES | 9.4 (SD 2.3) | 8.9 (SD 2.3) | 9.3 (SD 2.2) | 0.002 |
| Secondary school graduation | ||||
| No | 414 (38) | 185 (43) | 599 (39) | |
| Yes | 680 (62) | 247 (57) | 927 (61) | 0.073 |
| Currently employed | ||||
| No | 450 (47) | 219 (57) | 669 (50) | |
| Yes | 503 (53) | 166 (43) | 669 (50) | 0.001 |
| Stressful life events (previous 6 months) | ||||
| No | 352 (33) | 85 (20) | 437 (29) | |
| Low | 619 (58) | 254 (61) | 873 (59) | |
| High | 99 (9) | 77 (19) | 176 (12) | < 0.001 |