Table 2.
Variable | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) Individual ACEs1 | Adjusted OR (95% CI) All individual ACEs in combined model2 |
---|---|---|---|
Emotional abuse | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.96 (1.56–2.49) | 1.93 (1.46–2.55) | 1.10 (0.75–1.63) |
Sexual abuse | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.33 (1.38–3.96) | 2.26 (1.20–4.25) | 1.78 (0.86–3.66) |
Physical abuse | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.75 (1.17–2.60) | 1.87 (1.20–2.93) | 1.14 (0.67–1.94) |
Emotional neglect | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 3.05 (2.41–3.88) | 2.79 (2.10–3.70) | 1.99 (1.34–2.93) |
Physical neglect | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.13 (1.55–2.93) | 2.24 (1.52–3.31) | 1.64 (1.00–2.69) |
Domestic violence | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.08 (1.53–2.83) | 1.91 (1.35–2.72) | 1.22 (0.78–1.90) |
Parental divorce/separation | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.29 (1.01–1.65) | 1.13 (0.85–1.51) | 0.96 (0.70–1.31) |
Parental death | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | 1.26 (0.95–1.67) | 1.15 (0.81–1.62) |
Substance abuse | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.77 (1.39–2.25) | 1.63 (1.22–2.17) | 1.24 (0.86–1.80) |
Mental illness | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.66 (1.95–3.65) | 2.72 (1.89–3.91) | 2.25 (1.45–3.51) |
Incarceration | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.15 (0.89–1.98) | 1.12 (0.83–1.52) | 0.79 (0.54–1.16) |
Chronic illness | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.55 (1.21–1.98) | 1.42 (1.07–1.89) | 1.07 (0.75–1.52) |
Unemployment | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.34 (1.07–1.68) | 1.16 (0.89–1.51) | 0.82 (0.59–1.15) |
Marital status | |||
Single | Ref | Ref | |
Relationship | 0.86 (0.69–1.08) | 0.64 (0.50–0.87) | |
Gender | |||
Male | Ref | Ref | |
Female | 2.21 (1.76–2.78) | 2.73 (1.98–3.77) | |
SES | 0.91 (0.87–0.96) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | |
Completed matric | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 0.81 (0.65–1.02) | 0.84 (0.60–1.18) | |
Currently employed | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 0.68 (0.53–0.86) | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | |
Stressful events | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Low | 1.70 (1.28–2.24) | 1.67 (1.14–2.45) | |
High | 3.22 (2.20–4.71) | 1.80 (1.05–3.08) |
In unadjusted and adjusted analysis: bold = p < 0.05; 1 Each individual ACE entered as an exposure adjusted for demographic factors; all demographic factors except completing high school were significant at p < 0.05; 2All individual ACEs placed in one multivariate model, also adjusted for demographic factors