Table 2.

Effects of individual ACEs on PD

Variable	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI) Individual ACEs1	Adjusted OR (95% CI) All individual ACEs in combined model2
Emotional abuse
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.96 (1.56–2.49)	1.93 (1.46–2.55)	1.10 (0.75–1.63)
Sexual abuse
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	2.33 (1.38–3.96)	2.26 (1.20–4.25)	1.78 (0.86–3.66)
Physical abuse
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.75 (1.17–2.60)	1.87 (1.20–2.93)	1.14 (0.67–1.94)
Emotional neglect
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	3.05 (2.41–3.88)	2.79 (2.10–3.70)	1.99 (1.34–2.93)
Physical neglect
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	2.13 (1.55–2.93)	2.24 (1.52–3.31)	1.64 (1.00–2.69)
Domestic violence
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	2.08 (1.53–2.83)	1.91 (1.35–2.72)	1.22 (0.78–1.90)
Parental divorce/separation
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.29 (1.01–1.65)	1.13 (0.85–1.51)	0.96 (0.70–1.31)
Parental death
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.11 (0.87–1.41)	1.26 (0.95–1.67)	1.15 (0.81–1.62)
Substance abuse
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.77 (1.39–2.25)	1.63 (1.22–2.17)	1.24 (0.86–1.80)
Mental illness
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	2.66 (1.95–3.65)	2.72 (1.89–3.91)	2.25 (1.45–3.51)
Incarceration
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.15 (0.89–1.98)	1.12 (0.83–1.52)	0.79 (0.54–1.16)
Chronic illness
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.55 (1.21–1.98)	1.42 (1.07–1.89)	1.07 (0.75–1.52)
Unemployment
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.34 (1.07–1.68)	1.16 (0.89–1.51)	0.82 (0.59–1.15)
Marital status
Single	Ref		Ref
Relationship	0.86 (0.69–1.08)		0.64 (0.50–0.87)
Gender
Male	Ref		Ref
Female	2.21 (1.76–2.78)		2.73 (1.98–3.77)
SES	0.91 (0.87–0.96)		0.90 (0.84–0.97)
Completed matric
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	0.81 (0.65–1.02)		0.84 (0.60–1.18)
Currently employed
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	0.68 (0.53–0.86)		0.79 (0.58–1.08)
Stressful events
No	Ref		Ref
Low	1.70 (1.28–2.24)		1.67 (1.14–2.45)
High	3.22 (2.20–4.71)		1.80 (1.05–3.08)

In unadjusted and adjusted analysis: bold = p < 0.05; ¹ Each individual ACE entered as an exposure adjusted for demographic factors; all demographic factors except completing high school were significant at p < 0.05; ²All individual ACEs placed in one multivariate model, also adjusted for demographic factors