Table 2.

Immune cells activities summary

Cell types	Activities
	Antigen Presentation	Antigen response recall	Phagocytosis	Cytotoxicity	Pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis	NK cell activation	DC maturation	Antigen-specific response	Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity	Inhibition of proliferation and cell growth	Immunosuppressive activities
Keratinocyte	+	+			+			+
Stromal cell					+						+
Macrophage	+		+		+						+
Mast cell					+						+
MDSC					+						+
Neutrophil			+	+							+
Dendritic cell	+				+	+		+			+
Langerhans cell	+				+			+
NK cell	+			+	+		+	+	+	+

Note. Immune cells have their functions altered by HPV infection, playing different roles from those usually performed. Macrophages, for example, can assume two phenotypes with opposite functions depending on HPV interference, M1 has proinflammatory and antitumor activities while, M2 is immunomodulatory, promoting tumor cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis and differentiation to T-regulatory cells [23]