Table 2.
Cell types | Activities | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antigen Presentation | Antigen response recall | Phagocytosis | Cytotoxicity | Pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis | NK cell activation | DC maturation | Antigen-specific response | Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity | Inhibition of proliferation and cell growth | Immunosuppressive activities | |
Keratinocyte | + | + | + | + | |||||||
Stromal cell | + | + | |||||||||
Macrophage | + | + | + | + | |||||||
Mast cell | + | + | |||||||||
MDSC | + | + | |||||||||
Neutrophil | + | + | + | ||||||||
Dendritic cell | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||
Langerhans cell | + | + | + | ||||||||
NK cell | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Note. Immune cells have their functions altered by HPV infection, playing different roles from those usually performed. Macrophages, for example, can assume two phenotypes with opposite functions depending on HPV interference, M1 has proinflammatory and antitumor activities while, M2 is immunomodulatory, promoting tumor cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis and differentiation to T-regulatory cells [23]