Table 1.
Statistical Learning Approach to Precision Cardiology
| Type of Learning | Problem Tasks | Algorithms | Example Application in Cardiology | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supervised learning | ||||
| Regression | Ordinary least squares regression | Many | ||
| Classification | Logistic regression | Many | ||
| K nearest neighbors | Many | |||
| Predictive modeling | Lasso regression | Sex-dependent risk factors for myocardial infarction | 25515680 | |
| Survival analysis | Ridge regression | Discovery of biomarkers associated with CAD prognosis | 27224515 | |
| Elastic net regression | Discovery of biomarkers associated with CAD prognosis | 27224515 | ||
| Naïve Bayes | Classification of cardiovascular risk level | 27525161 | ||
| Support vector machines | Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome | 26815338 | ||
| Information maximizing component analysis | Feature extraction of left ventricle shape changes following myocardial infarction | 26531126 | ||
| Bayesian networks | Meta-analysis of stroke prevention treatments; real-time prediction of cardiovascular events | 27570467; 26456181 | ||
| Decision trees | Estimating risk in congenital heart surgery | 26774238 | ||
| Random forests | Predictive modeling of chemoreflex sensitivity; predictive modeling of pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy from miRNAs | 27099934 | ||
| AdaBoost classifiers | Myocardial perfusion analysis from CT imaging | 26073787 | ||
| Neural networks | Length of hospital stay prediction; automated detection of stent failure; pharmacokinetics of losartan; prediction of heart failure outcomes | 27195660; 27036565; 26885213; 24387896 | ||
| Ensemble methods | All-cause mortality prediction | 27252451 | ||
| Unsupervised learning | ||||
| Dimensionality reduction | Hierarchical clustering | Many | ||
| Clustering | K means | Many | ||
| Principal components | Many | |||
| Self-organizing map neural network | Clustering ECG complexes | 10916254 | ||
| Linear discriminant analysis | Quantifying self-similarity of multimodal signals in the ICU; evaluation of atherosclerosis from multimodal imaging | 27454256; 25722204 | ||
| Topological data analysis | Pulmonary embolism diagnosis; few other examples | 26515513 | ||
| Deep learning | Ultrasound image processing; causal phenotype discovery | 21947526; 26958203 | ||
Table of selected statistical learning approaches with previous example applications in cardiology.
CAD = coronary artery disease; CT = computed tomography; ECG = electrocardiogram; ICU = intensive care unit; miRNA = microribonucleic acid; PMID = PubMed identifier number.