Table 4.
Bivariate associations between sociodemographic correlates and DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among trauma exposed (all countries combined N = 71 083)
| Correlates | Exposure to TEa,f OR (95% CI) |
Lifetime PTSD among exposeda,f OR (95% CI) |
12-month PTSD among lifetime casesb OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age-cohort | |||
| 18–29 | 2.0* (1.9–2.1) | 2.5* (2.1–3.0) | |
| 30–44 | 1.6* (1.5–1.6) | 2.1* (1.8–2.4) | |
| 45–59 | 1.3* (1.2–1.3) | 1.8* (1.6–2.1) | |
| 60+ | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Age-cohort differencec | χ23 = 1063.8*, p < 0.001 | χ23 = 122.1*, p < 0.001 | |
| Age of onsetd | |||
| Early | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | ||
| Early-average | 0.8* (0.6–1.0) | ||
| Late-average | 0.7* (0.5–0.9) | ||
| Late | 1.0 | ||
| Age of onset differencec | χ23 = 21.7*, p < 0.001 | ||
| Time since onset (Continuous) | 0.97* (0.97–0.98) | ||
| χ21 = 62.0*, p < 0.001 | |||
| Gender | |||
| Female | 0.9* (0.8–0.9) | 2.6* (2.4–2.9) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
| Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Gender differencec | χ21 = 146.0*, p < 0.001 | χ21 = 321.8*, p < 0.001 | χ21 = 0.5, p = 0.477 |
| Employment status | |||
| Student | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) |
| Homemaker | 0.9* (0.8–0.9) | 1.2* (1.0–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| Retired | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.3* (1.1–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
| Other | 1.1* (1.0–1.1) | 1.7* (1.5–2.0) | 1.5* (1.2–1.9) |
| Employed | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Employment status differencec | χ24 = 39.2*, p < 0.001 | χ24 = 77.7*, p < 0.001 | χ24 = 12.3*, p = 0.015 |
| Marital status | |||
| Never married | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.3* (1.1–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.2* (1.1–1.2) | 1.7* (1.5–1.9) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
| Currently married | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Marital status differencec | χ22 = 67.2, p < 0.001 | χ22 = 70.8*, p < 0.001 | χ22 = 3.8, p = 0.152 |
| Education level | |||
| No education | 0.7* (0.6–0.8) | 1.5 (0.9–2.7) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) |
| Some primary | 0.9* (0.8–0.9) | 1.4* (1.2–1.8) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
| Finished primary | 0.9* (0.8–0.9) | 1.7* (1.3–2.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
| Some secondary | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 1.4* (1.2–1.6) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
| Finished secondary | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
| Some college | 1.1* (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
| Finished college | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Education level differencec | χ26 = 85.7, p < 0.001 | χ26 = 36.9*, p < 0.001 | χ26 = 5.8, p = 0.447 |
| Household income | |||
| Low | 0.9* (0.9–1.0) | 1.7* (1.5–1.9) | 1.5* (1.2–1.9) |
| Low-average | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 1.5* (1.3–1.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
| High-average | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.4* (1.3–1.7) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| High | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Household income differencec | χ23 = 13.3*, p = 0.004 | χ23 = 55.2*, p < 0.001 | χ23 = 15.8*, p = 0.001 |
| Ne | 1 646 308 | 1 310 008 | 4103 |
Significant at the 0.05 level, 2 sided test.
These estimates are based on survival models adjusted for age-cohorts, gender, person-years and country.
These estimates are based on logistic regression models adjusted for time since PTSD onset, age of PTSD onset, gender and country.
χ2 test of significant differences between blocks of sociodemographic variables.
Defined in terms of within-survey quartiles of the age-of-onset distribution.
Denominator N: 71 083 = total sample; 1 646 308, 1 310 008 and 30 67 607 = number of person-years in the survival models; 4103 = number of lifetime cases of PTSD.
Iraq is not included into the analysis related to exposure to traumatic events (TEs) because the age of first exposure to TEs is not available in Iraq. Excluding Iraq, there were 49 339 people exposed to TEs and 3963 people with PTSD.