Table 4. Gonad surface area, gonadal cortex thickness and percentage of seminiferous tubules of chicken embryos after in ovo exposure to tamoxifen (Tam, 0.1, 1, 10 µg/g egg) and EE₂ (20 ng/g egg) or co-exposure to all concentrations of tamoxifen (plus 0.001, 0.01 µg/g egg) and EE₂.

Sex	Group	Gonad surface area		Cortex thickness (µm)	Seminiferous tubules (%)
		left (mm2)	right (mm2)
Male	NC	3.96 ± 0.65	3.67 ± 0.58a	8.67 ± 0.96b	28.7 ± 3.11
	SC	3.80 ± 0.61	3.35 ± 0.63	9.35 ± 1.08	29.8 ± 3.29
	Tam 0.1	4.15 ± 0.41	3.26 ± 0.53	8.12 ± 0.61	27.3 ± 2.90
	Tam 1	3.99 ± 0.54	3.06 ± 0.60	8.65 ± 1.00	27.6 ± 3.09
	Tam 10	3.31 ± 0.50	2.87 ± 0.22	9.26 ± 0.84	27.3 ± 2.51
	EE2	6.25 ± 1.67c	3.77 ± 0.48	62.3 ± 45.6c	18.7 ± 8.16c
	Tam 0.001 +EE2	5.74 ± 1.67c	3.61 ± 0.45	55.7 ± 34.6c	17.6 ± 8.38c
	Tam 0.01 +EE2	4.89 ± 1.04b	3.54 ± 0.46	28.2 ± 22.1a	23.1 ± 2.69c
	Tam 0.1 +EE2	4.55 ± 0.70	3.56 ± 0.53	8.97 ± 0.96	26.9 ± 2.42
	Tam 1 +EE2	3.69 ± 0.42	3.27 ± 0.42	9.19 ± 1.19	25.5 ± 2.79a
	Tam 10 +EE2	3.58 ± 0.80	2.94 ± 0.49	9.40 ± 1.25	25.8 ± 3.11a
Female	NC	10.2 ± 1.48b	2.20 ± 0.41	155 ± 11.4	–
	SC	9.25 ± 1.32	1.99 ± 0.46	153 ± 15.7	–
	Tam 0.1	10.5 ± 1.79	2.49 ± 0.64	115 ± 20.7c	–
	Tam 1	10.5 ± 1.31	2.16 ± 0.39	90.5 ± 20.3c	–
	Tam 10	5.08 ± 1.71c	1.82 ± 0.41	70.4 ± 17.1c	–
	EE2	8.92 ± 0.95	1.75 ± 0.35	132 ± 13.7b	–
	Tam 0.001 +EE2	8.93 ± 1.42	1.95 ± 0.52	132 ± 16.4b	–
	Tam 0.01 +EE2	9.49 ± 1.14	1.59 ± 0.36	139 ± 16.1	–
	Tam 0.1 +EE2	10.8 ± 2.13a	1.95 ± 0.30	123 ± 14.5c	–
	Tam 1 +EE2	13.1 ± 2.09c	2.06 ± 0.48	118 ± 17.8c	–
	Tam 10 +EE2	6.86 ± 2.00c	1.59 ± 0.31	115 ± 18.3c	–

Notes.

Statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test or Kruskal Wallis test with Dunn’s post test (female right gonad surface area). Lowercase indicate significant differences compared to the solvent control (SC). NC, untreated control. Level of significance: ^ap < 0.05; ^bp < 0.01; ^cp < 0.001.