Table 2.
Association of Maternal Thyroid Disease with Congenital Heart Defects,a National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2004
| Isolated cases | All casesb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Thyroid disease/unexposed | OR (CI)c | Thyroid disease/unexposed | OR (CI)c | |
| Heterotaxy | — | — | 3/172 | 0.9 (0.2–2.8) |
| Conotruncal | 17/902 | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 20/1059 | 0.9 (0.6–1.6) |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 10/448 | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 11/560 | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) |
| d-Transposition of the great arteries | 6/318 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 6/332 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) |
| Atrioventricular septal defect | 4/77 | 2.7 (0.7–7.4) | 4/90 | 2.3 (0.6–6.3) |
| Total anomalous pulmonary venous return | 3/123 | 1.3 (0.3–3.9) | 3/133 | 1.2 (0.2–3.6) |
| LVOTO | 28/863 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 32/980 | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) |
| Hypoplastic heart syndrome | 8/267 | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) | 8/289 | 1.4 (0.7–2.9) |
| Coarctation of the aorta | 8/261 | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | 9/301 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) |
| Aortic valve stenosis | 6/148 | 1.7 (0.7–4.0) | 7/157 | 1.9 (0.9–4.3) |
| LVOTO associationsd | 6/178 | 1.5 (0.6–3.5) | 8/212 | 1.8 (0.9–3.7) |
| RVOTO | 18/830 | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 20/903 | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) |
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | 9/499 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 10/525 | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) |
| RVOTO associationsd | 5/156 | 1.6 (0.6–4.1) | 5/186 | 1.3 (0.5–3.4) |
| Septal | 44/2090 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 55/2521 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
| Perimembranous VSD | 18/739 | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 21/835 | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) |
| Muscular VSD | 2/143 | — | 2/159 | — |
| Secundum atrial septal defect | 19/832 | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 27/1046 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) |
| Septal associationsd | 5/346 | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 5/439 | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) |
Controls: 110 maternal thyroid disease, 5743 unexposed; for crude odds ratios: 111 maternal thyroid disease, 5764 unexposed.
Only simple CHDs are included with the exception of heterotaxy and common CHD associations.
Both cases with isolated anomalies and those with additional defects are included in this group.
For CHDs with 5+ exposed cases, estimates were adjusted for mother’s state of residence at the time of infant’s birth, age, and race/ethnicity and asymptotic confidence intervals were calculated. The odds ratios for LVOTO, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and coarctation of the aorta were also adjusted for gestational diabetes. Crude odds ratios with exact 95% confidence intervals are presented for defects with 3–4 exposed cases. Estimates are not presented for analyses based on <3 exposed cases.
LVOTO associations include coarctation of the aorta + aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta + VSD, coarctation of the aorta + VSD + ASD. RVOTO associations include PVS + VSD, PVS + ASD. Septal associations include VSD + ASD.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; LVOTO, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; RVOTO, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction; VSD, ventricular septal defect; CHD, congenital heart defect.