Table 3. Adjusted risk of events and mortality by individual omega-3 fatty acids (n = 2500)§.
| Hazard ratios (95% CIs) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Events |
Mortality |
||||||
| CVD | CHD | Stroke | CVD | Cancer | Other | Total | |
| α-linolenic acid | |||||||
| <4.2% (n = 483) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 4.2%–4.9% (n = 496) | 1.45 (0.94, 2.22) | 1.44 (0.78, 2.65) | 1.59 (0.77, 3.25) | 1.76 (0.62, 4.93) | 0.71 (0.41, 1.21) | 0.51 (0.26, 1.02) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.21) |
| 4.9%–5.7% (n = 506) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.56) | 1.00 (0.52, 1.92) | 0.93 (0.43, 2.02) | 1.79 (0.59, 5.44) | 1.05 (0.65, 1.71) | 0.92 (0.49, 1.70) | 1.04 (0.72, 1.50) |
| 5.7%–6.8% (n = 505) | 1.00 (0.63, 1.61) | 0.78 (0.40, 1.53) | 1.27 (0.62, 2.64) | 3.06 (1.09, 8.60) * | 0.54 (0.28, 1.03) | 0.84 (0.46, 1.54) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.39) |
| >6.8% (n = 510) | 1.16 (0.75, 1.80) | 1.03 (0.55, 1.94) | 1.42 (0.69, 2.92) | 1.78 (0.62, 5.06) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.53) | 0.85 (0.48, 1.52) | 1.04 (0.73, 1.47) |
| P-value for linear trend . | 84 | .43 | .59 | .16 | .48 | .94 | .64 |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid | |||||||
| <0.44% (n = 494) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 0.44%–0.55% (n = 495) | 1.34 (0.90, 1.99) | 1.13 (0.66, 1.93) | 1.61 (0.83, 3.15) | 0.72 (0.30, 1.73) | 0.50 (0.27, 0.93) * | 0.98 (0.54, 1.77) | 0.78 (0.55, 1.10) |
| 0.55%–0.68% (n = 510) | 1.20 (0.77, 1.87) | 0.74 (0.30, 1.38) | 1.78 (0.88, 3.60) | 0.64 (0.26, 1.62) | 0.69 (0.40, 1.19) | 0.81 (0.47, 1.41) | 0.66 (0.47, 0.95) * |
| 0.68%–0.92% (n = 508) | 0.77 (0.49, 1.20) | 0.45 (0.24, 0.86) * | 1.13 (0.54, 2.35) | 0.81 (0.32, 2.05) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.97) * | 0.41 (0.22, 0.79) † | 0.58 (0.41, 0.84) † |
| >0.92% (n = 493) | 0.87 (0.55, 1.39) | 0.69 (0.37, 1.29) | 0.95 (0.43, 2.11) | 0.58 (0.21, 1.61) | 0.83 (0.49, 1.41) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.30) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.06) |
| P-value for linear trend | .11 | .02 * | .57 | .36 | .63 | .03 * | .03 |
| Docosapentaenoic acid | |||||||
| <0.44% (n = 493) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 0.44%–0.55% (n = 504) | 1.17 (0.78, 1.77) | 0.86 (0.49, 1.51) | 2.09 (1.05, 4.16)* | 0.64 (0.24, 1.70) | 1.02 (0.60, 1.73) | 1.34 (0.76, 2.34) | 0.93 (0.66, 1.29) |
| 0.55%–0.68% (n = 520) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.27) | 0.64 (0.36, 1.15) | 1.24 (0.60, 2.54) | 0.92 (0.37, 2.27) | 0.52 (0.27, 0.99)* | 0.89 (0.48, 1.67) | 0.71 (0.50, 1.01) |
| 0.68%–0.92% (n = 497) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.36) | 0.83 (0.47, 1.48) | 1.22 (0.57, 2.63) | 0.40 (0.14, 1.14) | 0.86 (0.49, 1.51) | 0.91 (0.45, 1.85) | 0.74 (0.51, 1.07) |
| >0.92% (n = 486) | 0.92 (0.58, 1.46) | 0.60 (0.31, 1.15) | 1.17 (0.52, 2.66) | 0.90 (0.34, 2.37) | 1.15 (0.68, 1.94) | 0.60 (0.30, 1.17) | 0.81 (0.56, 1.17) |
| P-value for linear trend | .31 | .13 | .65 | .58 | .87 | .059 | .10 |
| Docosahexaenoic acid | |||||||
| <3.69% (n = 513) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 3.69%–4.36% (n = 498) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.50) | 0.90 (0.51, 1.57) | 1.14 (0.60, 2.17) | 0.67 (0.26, 1.71) | 0.70 (0.41, 1.19) | 0.43 (0.24, .0.78) † | 0.78 (0.55, 1.11) |
| 4.36%–5.01% (n = 498) | 0.99 (0.65, 1.50) | 0.68 (0.37, 1.25) | 1.27 (0.68, 2.38) | 0.61 (0.22, 1.72) | 0.62 (0.35, 1.11) | 0.38 (0.20, 0.71) † | 0.61 (0.42, 0.88) † |
| 5.01%–5.96% (n = 504) | 0.71 (0.44, 1.12) | 0.61 (0.32, 1.14) | 0.57 (0.27, 1.20) | 0.76 (0.29, 1.97) | 0.77 (0.45, 1.31) | 0.47 (0.26, 0.87) * | 0.72 (0.50, 1.05) |
| >5.96% (n = 487) | 0.57 (0.35, 0.92) * | 0.54 (0.27, 1.07) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.93) * | 0.43 (0.17, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.54, 1.56) | 0.47 (0.27, 0.81) † | 0.68 (0.47, 0.99) * |
| P-value for linear trend | .004 † | .03 | .002 † | .14 | .98 | .054 | .06 |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, confidence interval.
*
P < .05
†
P < .01.
All significant hazard ratios/P-values are shown in bold italics.
§
Adjusted for all variables in Table 1 except history of CVD.