Table 2.
Dysregulation of Gut Hormones in Functional Dyspepsia
| Gut hormone | Published year | Clinical evidences for gut hormone in FD | Reference No. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Motilin | 2000 | ABT-229 (motilin agonist) does not relieve the symptoms in FD patients. | 38 |
| 2005 | Exogenous motilin stimulation inhibits proximal gastric accommodation in FD patients. | 36 | |
| 2008 | Camicinal accelerates gastric emptying (35–60%) in patients with gastroparesis. | 40 | |
| 2016 | Motilin receptor agonist (camicinal; GSK962040) accelerates gastric emptying and increases glucose absorption in feed-intolerant critically ill patients. | 39 | |
| Ghrelin | 2004 | The plasm ghrelin concentration may be decreased in accordance with the progression of gastric atrophy due to H. pylori infection. | 45 |
| 2005 | Plasma acylated ghrelin levels are correlated with symptom score in FD patients. | 43 | |
| 2006 | Ghrelin, a novel appetite-promoting gastrointestinal peptide that also promotes gastric motility or basal acid secretion may be a therapeutic target for FD treatment. | 44 | |
| 2007 | Fasting desacyl and total ghrelin levels are significantly lower in FD patients than in controls, but active ghrelin levels are similar between 2 groups in both fasting and postprandial periods. | 41 | |
| 2008 | Ghrelin treatment tends to increase daily food intake in FD patients. | 46 | |
| 2009 | Acylated ghrelin levels are significantly lower in NERD and PDS patients than in healthy volunteers. | 173 | |
| Abnormally low preprandial ghrelin levels and absence of significant postprandial decrease of ghrelin levels are present in a subset of dysmotility-like FD patients. | 42 | ||
| 2013 | The preproghrelin 3056TT genotype is significantly associated with the acylated ghrelin levels and the feeling of hunger in H. pylori-negative FD patients. | 174 | |
| 2015 | The serum ghrelin level 30 minutes after breakfast is significantly higher in dyspepsia patients than in controls. | 175 | |
| FD-PDS is associated with lower fasting and maximum acyl ghrelin concentrations and dampened acyl ghrelin flux. | 176 | ||
| CCK | 1994 | FD patients with CCK-8 stimulation show stronger symptoms of dyspepsia compared with healthy control. | 48 |
| 2008 | Fasting and postprandial plasma CCK is greater in FD patients. | 47 | |
| 2014 | Following lipid infusion, the mean mucosal CCK concentration is lower in FD patients compared with healthy volunteers. | 177 | |
| GIP and GLP-1 | 2014 | Increased sensitivity to enteral dextrose and lipid infusions is associated with greater plasma GIP and GLP-1 concentrations in FD. | 51 |
| 2016 | GLP-1 concentration is similar in FD patients and controls, but postprandial GLP-1 secretion may correlate with nausea in FD patients. | 52 | |
| PYY | 2008 | Fasting and postprandial PYY are lower in FD patients than in healthy subjects. | 47 |
| 2014 | PYY concentrations in response to dextrose and lipid infusions are higher in FD patients with impaired glucose tolerance. | 51 | |
| Serotonin (5-HT) | 2011 | Serotonin receptor 3A polymorphism HTR3A c.-42T is associated with severe dyspepsia. | 54 |
| Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism may be associated with functional dyspepsia in a Japanese population. | 55 | ||
| 2013 | Patients with FD have lower basal and postprandial plasma levels of serotonin. | 56 |
FD, functional dyspepsia; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; NERD, non-erosive reflux disease; PDS, postprandial distress syndrome; CCK, cholecystokinin; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/gastric inhibitory polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; PYY, peptide YY; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine.