Table 3.
Dysregulation of Gut Hormones in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
| Gut hormone | Published year | Clinical evidences for gut hormone in IBS | Reference No. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Motilin | 1985 | Circulating motilin is positively correlated with symptoms in functional bowel disorders. | 59 |
| 1996 | The IBS patients have reduced motilin secretion after both water intake and the fat meal. | 60 | |
| 2005 | Higher motilin levels are observed in IBS in both interdigestive and postprandial periods. | 61 | |
| Ghrelin | 2009 | The number of ghrelin-positive cells is increased in IBS-D patients. | 66 |
| The low densities of ghrelin cell is found in IBS-C patients. | 66 | ||
| CCK | 2006 | IBS patients have increased fasting and postprandial plasma levels of CCK | 178 |
| 2010 | Post-infectious IBS patients have increased numbers of CCK cells in the duodenum. | 70 | |
| 2015 | The densities of duodenal CCK cells are significantly lower in patients with IBS-D. | 69 | |
| GIP | 2015 | The GIP cell density is significantly reduced in IBS-C. | 69 |
| GLP-1 | 2009 | GLP-1 analog (ROSE-010) relieves acute pain attacks in IBS patients. | 76 |
| 2012 | GLP-1 analog (ROSE-010) delays gastric emptying of solids in IBS-C patients. | 75 | |
| 2014 | Exogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 reduces contractions in human colon circular muscle. | 72 | |
| 2017 | Decreased serum GLP-1 correlates with abdominal pain in patients with IBS-C | 71 | |
| PYY | 2010 | The increased PYY is observed in IBS-C patients whose colonic transit is delayed. | 80 |
| 2014 | The expression of PYY is increased in the ileum in patients with IBS-C. | 79 | |
| The densities of PYY cells is significantly lower in IBS patients than controls. | 81 | ||
| PYY expression is higher in the colon in post-infectious IBS. | 82 | ||
| 2017 | PYY cell density is increased in IBS-C relative to controls. | 94 | |
| Serotonin (5-HT) | 2003 | Plasma serotonin levels is increased in IBS-D. | 91 |
| 2006 | Postprandial plasma serotonin level is decreased in IBS-C. | 90 | |
| 2007 | IBS patients have elevated concentrations of platelet depleted plasma 5-HT under fasting and fed conditions compared with controls. | 87 | |
| 2009 | Fasting and postprandial plasma 5-HT concentrations are significantly higher in IBS patients. | 86 | |
| 2010 | In the IBS samples, higher 5-HT content and lower SERT mRNA are detected as compared with controls. | 179 | |
| Post-infectious IBS patients have significantly lower plasma 5-HIAA. | 70 | ||
| 2011 | Compared with healthy controls, patients with IBS show a significant increase in 5-HT-positive cell counts and 5-HT release. | 92 | |
| 2012 | The frequency of SLC6A4-polymorphism and higher levels of 5-HT are significantly associated with IBS | 180 | |
| Serotonin and PYY cell densities are reduced in the colon of IBS patients. | 181 | ||
| 2014 | The intensity of serotonin transporter immunoreactivity is increased in the ileum of patients with IBS. | 182 | |
| The density of the serotonin-immunoreactive cells is significantly decreased in the IBS-M patients and increased in the IBS-C patients relative to the controls. | 93 | ||
| 2016 | The 5-HIAA concentrations and 5-HT acetic acid/5-HT ratio are significantly lower in IBS compared to HC. | 88 | |
| 2017 | The densities of serotonin cells are reduced in IBS patients. | 94 | |
| IBS patients show increased 5-HT compared to healthy volunteers. | 85 |
IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; IBS-D, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; IBS-C, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation; CCK, cholecystokinin; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/gastric inhibitory polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; PYY, peptide YY; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; SERT, serotonin reuptake transporter; 5-HIAA, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid.