Table 4. Anthropometric, maximal aerobic capacity, muscle function, and physical activity assessments before and after the intervention.
| Intensified HAES®-based intervention group (n = 39) | Control group (n = 19) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Pre | Post | CI (95%) | ES | Pre | Post | CI (95%) | ES | % Difference between delta change | P value |
| Anthropometry | ||||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 90.7 (10.9) | 90.1 (12.1) | -1.09 to 1.45 | -0.06 | 90.0 (10.5) | 91.0 (11.1) | -2.69 to 0.81 | 0.09 | -0.87 | 0.301 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 34.5 (2.7) | 34.5 (3.2) | -0.42 to 0.56 | 0.01 | 33.9 (3.1) | 34.3 (3.3) | -1.04 to 0.32 | 0.12 | -0.83 | 0.309 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 108.6 (8.6) | 106.8 (8.1) | -0.66 to 4.19 | -0.21 | 109.0 (10.2) | 107.8 (9.6) | -2.18 to 4.54 | -0.12 | 0.54 | 0.779 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 119.4 (8.9) | 119.0 (8.3) | -2.96 to 1.42 | -0.04 | 118.2 (7.0) | 118.3 (8.6) | -3.14 to 2.94 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.722 |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.9 (0.06) | 0.9 (0.06) | -0.006 to 0.031 | -0.19 | 0.9 (0.07) | 0.9 (0.08) | -0.017 to 0.034 | -0.13 | 0.53 | 0.788 |
| Maximal aerobic capacity | ||||||||||
| Time-to-VAT (sec) | 222.3 (70.1) | 226.3 (56.1) | -30.35 to 22.45 | 0.06 | 243.3 (107.4) | 203.4 (64.3) | 2.67 to 79.73 | -0.37 | 19.70ǒ | 0.058 |
| Time-to-RCP (sec) | 454.7 (90.5) | 502.6 (109.5)# | -86.96 to -9.10 | 0.53 | 463.3 (105.0) | 446.6 (101.9) | -38.55 to 74.05 | -0.16 | 15.02ǒ | 0.059 |
| Time-to-exhaustion (sec)* | 625.4 (124.4) | 671.4 (98.6) | -79.19 to -12.76 | 0.37 | 656.7 (91.4) | 678.7 (108.0) | -71.18 to 26.01 | 0.24 | 3.84 | 0.429 |
| VO2 VAT (mL/kg/min) | 11.9 (3.0) | 12.8 (2.7) | -1.82 to 0.02 | 0.30 | 12.2 (4.1) | 11.2 (2.1) | -0.18 to 2.51 | -0.26 | 17.83ǒ | 0.014 |
| VO2 RCP (mL/kg/min) | 18.4 (2.9) | 19.6 (3.6)# | -2.39 to -0.19 | 0.44 | 18.6 (3.6) | 17.3 (2.4)# | -0.29 to 2.89 | -0.34 | 14.65ǒ | 0.010 |
| VO2peak (mL/kg/min)* | 22.0 (3.8) | 24.0 (3.9)ø | -2.89 to -1.07 | 0.52 | 22.5 (3.7) | 22.2 (3.8) | -0.93 to 1.74 | -0.09 | 10.91ǒ | 0.005 |
| Muscle function tests | ||||||||||
| Timed Stands test (sec) | 19.6 (4.0) | 18.1 (4.3)# | 0.29 to 3.10 | -0.37 | 18.5 (4.4) | 20.3 (5.8) | -3.62 to 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.51ǒ | 0.007 |
| Timed-up-and-go test (sec)*ᶿ | 6.0 (0.8) | 6.4 (1.2) | -0.87 to 0.19 | 0.52 | 7.3 (3.4) | 8.1 (5.6) | 1.54 to -0.08 | 0.24 | -5.58 | 0.300 |
| Physical activity levels | ||||||||||
| Sedentary time (min/day) | 513.5 (88.1) | 501.1 (101.3) | -17.74 to 50.68 | -0.14 | 538.5 (102.0) | 517.0 (138.9) | -45.23 to 55.89 | -0.21 | 2.63 | 0.715 |
| Light PA time (min/day) | 325.0 (57.5) | 325.0 (71.8) | -24.18 to 28.19 | 0.00 | 328.2 (93.4) | 369.2 (92.8) | -74.82 to 2.46 | 0.44 | -8.34 | 0.106 |
| Total MVPA (min/day) | 39.3 (20.7) | 39.8 (20.7) | -6.97 to 5.71 | 0.02 | 37.3 (21.6) | 34.3 (23.5) | -7.53 to 11.22 | -0.14 | 5.11 | 0.662 |
Data are expressed as mean (SD), estimated mean of differences between pre and post values, 95% confidence interval (CI), Cohen’s d effect sizes (ES), and % delta differences [(post–pre from intervention)–(post–pre from control)]; expressed as mean ± SD). VAT, ventilatory anaerobic threshold; RCP, respiratory compensation point; VO, oxygen uptake; VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake; PA, physical activity; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
P-values for group vs. time interaction.
ø Significant difference within group (P ≤ 0.05)
# Tendency for significance within group (P ≤ 0.10)
* Significant main effect of time (P ≤ 0.05)
ᶿ Significant main effect of group (P ≤ 0.05)
ǒ Significant difference between delta changes (P ≤ 0.05)