Table 3. Multivariable regression modelsa.
| NSI (n = 78) | VI onlyb (n = 32) β (95% CI) |
P value | HI onlyb (n = 63) β (95% CI) |
P value | DIb (n = 42) β (95% CI) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Functioning | |||||||
| Difference in grip strength (in Kg) | (ref) | -0.52 (-3.04, 2.00) | 0.68 | -2.27 (-4.38, -0.16) | 0.03 | -2.02 (-4.47, 0.42) | 0.10 |
| Oddsc of any difficulty with one or more IADL | (ref) | 1.40 (0.49, 3.97) | 0.53 | 1.60 (0.67, 3.80) | 0.29 | 1.76 (0.66, 4.71) | 0.26 |
| Cognition and Mood | |||||||
| Difference in MMblind score | (ref) | 0.54 (-0.07, 1.15) | 0.08 | -0.03 (-0.53, 0.47) | 0.91 | -0.16 (-0.73, 0.43) | 0.06 |
| Oddsc of depression | (ref) | 2.05 (0.36, 11.78) | 0.42 | 1.52 (0.30, 7.81) | 0.62 | 1.17 (0.16, 8.36) | 0.88 |
| Self-reported Driving Limitation | |||||||
| Proportional oddsc of moderate to severe driving difficulty | (ref) | 4.19 (1.58, 11.14) | <0.01 | 1.01 (0.40, 2.56) | 0.98 | 4.72 (1.76, 12.67) | <0.01 |
| Proportional oddsc of moderate to severe driving limitation due to vision | (ref) | 2.63 (0.78, 8.90) | 0.12 | 1.03 (0.32, 3.30) | 0.96 | 3.73 (1.19, 11.70) | 0.02 |
| Communication and Social Functioning | |||||||
| Oddsc of reporting moderate to severe hearing handicap on HHIES | (ref) | 4.29 (1.07, 17.32) | 0.04 | 13.90 (4.29, 45.09) | <0.001 | 15.42 (4.31, 55.22) | <0.001 |
| Oddsc of reporting difficulty on QDS | (ref) | 0.80 (0.14, 4.47) | 0.80 | 3.41 (1.12, 10.38) | 0.03 | 4.91 (1.44, 16.71) | 0.01 |
| Oddsc of wanting more social activity (on SOA-II) | (ref) | 0.30 (0.08, 1.12) | 0.07 | 0.56 (0.23, 1.40) | 0.22 | 1.10 (0.41, 2.97) | 0.84 |
aAdjusted for age, gender, race, and number of comorbidities (none, 1, 2 or 3+).
bVision Impairment was defined as visual field loss worse than -5 dB in the better-eye, Hearing Impairment was defined as pure tone average threshold worse than 25 dB in the better-ear, Dual Impairment was the presence of both vision and hearing impairments.
cCoefficients for logistic models have been exponentiated.
Abbreviations: NSI (No Sensory Impairment), VI (Vision Impairment), HI (Hearing Impairment), DI (Dual Impairment), SD (Standard Deviation), Kg (Kilograms), ADL (Activities of Daily Living), IADL (Intermediate Activities of Daily Living), MMblind (Mini Mental State Examination for the Visually Impaired), GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale), HHIES (Hearing Handicap in the Elderly Screening Version), QDS (Quantified Denver Scale of Communication), SOA-II (Second Supplement on Ageing Social Activity Component)
Note: Statistically significant (p<0.05) coefficients are shown in bold.