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. 2017 Oct 23;6(4):639–647. doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.067

Table 1.

Description of the study sample

Total sample (n = 2,743) (a) Offline gambling (n = 2,558) (b) Online sports betting (n = 64) (c) Other online gambling (n = 121) Factor group Pairwise comparisons (p value)
n % n % n % n % χ2 df p 1 vs. 2 1 vs. 3 2 vs. 3
Origin
Immigrant 195 7.1 183 7.2 3 4.7 9 7.4 0.60 2 .742 .448 .906 .470
Spanish 2,548 92.9 2,375 92.8 61 95.3 112 92.6
Education
Primary 1,635 59.6 1,575 61.6 28 43.8 32 26.4 105.8 4 <.001 .008 <.001 .022
Secondary 963 35.1 870 34.0 30 46.9 63 52.1
University 145 5.3 113 4.4 6 9.4 26 21.5
Civil status
Single 931 33.9 847 33.1 22 34.4 62 51.2 19.46 4 .001 .393 <.001 .080
Married – in couple 1,448 52.8 1,361 53.2 37 57.8 50 41.3
Divorced – separated 364 13.3 350 13.7 5 7.8 9 7.4
Employment
Not employed 1,177 42.9 1,104 43.2 27 42.2 46 38.0 1.26 2 .532 .877 .264 .581
Employed 1,566 57.1 1,454 56.8 37 57.8 75 62.0
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD F df p 1 vs. 2 1 vs. 3 2 vs. 3
Age (years old) 42.19 13.44 42.57 13.40 42.75 14.33 33.92 10.95 24.41 2; 2,740 <.001 .915 <.001 <.001
Age of onset (years old) 37.04 13.56 37.32 13.59 36.54 14.38 31.22 11.07 11.82 2; 2,740 <.001 .648 <.001 .011
GD duration (years) 9.92 7.11 10.08 7.11 10.56 8.09 6.24 5.31 17.34 2; 2,740 <.001 .591 <.001 <.001
Own incomes (€) 1,221 708 1,217 698 1,336 724 1,248 888 0.98 2; 2,740 .375 .182 .636 .420
Family incomes (€) 2,062 1,066 2,037 1,057 2,119 834 2,560 1,233 14.09 2; 2,740 <.001 .544 <.001 .007

Note. Bold values represent significant comparison (.05 level). SD: standard deviation; GD: gambling disorder.