Table 3.
Correlates of hypertension in men and women aged ≥ 80 years.
| Correlates | Men (N=76) | Women (N=124) | Total (N=200) | P-value (between men & women with HT) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HT (N = 62) | No HT (N = 14) | P value | HT (N = 105) | No HT (N=19) | P-value | HT (N=167) | No HT (N=33) | P-value | ||
| Demographic factors and anthropometric measurements | ||||||||||
| Age (mean ± SD) | 83.52 ± 4.10 | 84.93 ± 3.68 | 0.21 | 83.23 ± 3.88 | 83.28 ± 3.08 | 0.95 | 83.34 ± 3.95 | 84.00 ± 3.40 | 0.33 | 0.65 |
| Sex (%) | 37.1 | 42.4 | - | 62.9 | 57.6 | - | 83.5 | 16.5 | 0.35 | |
| Living single (%) | 31.1 | 50.0 | 0.15 | 80.0 | 73.7 | 0.36 | 62.0 | 63.6 | 0.51 | <0.001 |
| No education (%) | 42.6 | 35.7 | 0.43 | 52.4 | 73.7 | 0.06 | 48.8 | 57.6 | 0.23 | 0.14 |
| Smoking (%) | 59.7 | 71.4 | 0.30 | 15.7 | 31.6 | 0.09 | 32.3 | 48.5 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (%) | 59.7 | 50.0 | 0.35 | 11.4 | 31.6 | 0.03 | 29.3 | 39.4 | 0.17 | <0.001 |
| BMI (mean ± SD) | 22.86 ± 4.40 | 19.84 ± 2.92 | 0.006 | 23.56 ± 4.72 | 21.13 ± 4.56 | 0.06 | 23.31 ± 4.61 | 20.69 ± 3.97 | 0.002 | 0.35 |
| Height (mean ± SD) | 162.70 ± 9.02 | 161.06 ± 6.70 | 0.46 | 150.24 ± 6.59 | 145.93 ± 8.22 | 0.01 | 154.75 ± 9.63 | 152.27 ± 10.67 | 0.23 | <0.001 |
| Weight (mean ± SD) | 61.11 ± 15.13 | 47.98 ± 17.20 | 0.007 | 58.02 ± 43.46 | 45.77 ± 12.22 | 0.02 | 59.14 ± 35.84 | 46.70 ± 14.29 | 0.001 | 0.51 |
| Waist circumference (mean ± SD) | 89.49 ± 18.35 | 84.36 ± 9.88 | 0.17 | 86.54 ± 12.99 | 80.11 ± 12.06 | 0.05 | 87.61 ± 15.16 | 81.89 ± 11.23 | 0.01 | 0.28 |
| Hip circumference (mean ± SD) | 94.97 ± 11.48 | 88.69 ± 10.61 | 0.07 | 98.81 ± 11.13 | 12.75 ± 13.60 | 0.04 | 97.42 ± 11.38 | 91.04 ± 12.41 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Waist hip ratio (mean ± SD) | 0.93 ± 0.13 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.62 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.86 ± 0.05 | 0.50 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mean ± SD) | 145.31 ± 22.91 | 121.96 ± 10.66 | <0.001 | 145.51 ± 23.98 | 118.68 ± 11.73 | <0.001 | 145.3 ± 23.52 | 120.8 ± 11.24 | <0.001 | 0.95 |
| Diastolic BP (mean ± SD) | 83.28 ± 12.93 | 72.00 ± 8.82 | 0.006 | 83.07 ± 11.84 | 75.21 ± 8.14 | <0.001 | 83.15 ± 12.21 | 73.85 ± 8.45 | <0.001 | 0.91 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||
| Haemoglobin (mean ± SD) | 12.02 ± 1.87 | 12.32 ± 1.51 | 0.80 | 11.19 ± 1.58 | 10.24 ± 1.45 | 0.01 | 11.56 ± 1.76 | 11.12 ± 1.79 | 0.45 | 0.001 |
| Diabetes self-reported ± high blood sugar (%) | 25.8 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 23.3 | 11.1 | 0.23 | 24.20 | 6.2 | 0.01 | 0.42 |
| Depression (mean ± SD) (GDS ≥ 5) | 6.32 ± 5.02 | 7.00 ± 3.88 | 0.58 | 7.94 ± 5.01 | 9.57 ± 4.59 | 0.17 | 7.34 ± 5.06 | 8.48 ± 4.43 | 0.19 | 0.04 |
| Depression (%) | 38.7 | 57.1 | 0.16 | 55.2 | 73.7 | 0.09 | 49.1 | 66.7 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Frailty (%) | 77.4 | 92.9 | 0.17 | 83.8 | 89.5 | 0.41 | 81.4 | 90.9 | 0.14 | 0.20 |
| CVD (%) | 88.7 | 92.9 | 0.54 | 91.4 | 78.9 | 0.11 | 90.4 | 84.8 | 0.25 | 0.37 |
| Anaemia (%) | 62.9 | 50.0 | 0.27 | 61.9 | 100 | <0.001 | 62.3 | 78.8 | 0.05 | 0.51 |
| Arthritis (%) | 38.7 | 35.7 | 0.54 | 49.5 | 26.5 | 0.04 | 45.5 | 30.3 | 0.07 | 0.11 |
| Cognitive (mean ± SD) | 19.95 ± 9.39 | 19.14 ± 7.90 | 0.74 | 18.14 ± 7.54 | 15.26 ± 8.65 | 0.18 | 18.81 ± 8.29 | 16.90 ± 8.44 | 0.24 | 0.17 |
| Cognitive impairment (%) | 53.2 | 64.3 | 0.32 | 70.5 | 84.2 | 0.17 | 64.1 | 75.8 | 0.13 | 0.01 |
| Overweight/Obesity (%) | 50.0 | 15.4 | 0.02 | 45.1 | 27.8 | 0.13 | 46.9 | 22.6 | 0.009 | 0.33 |
| Functional disabilities | ||||||||||
| Grip Strength (mean ± SD) | 9.06 ± 9.80 | 6.60 ± 7.38 | 0.30 | 2.84 ± 4.46 | 3.10 ± 4.64 | 0.82 | 5.15 ± 7.54 | 4.59 ± 6.11 | 0.64 | 0.001 |
| Short Physical performance Battery SPPB (%) ≤ 9 | 85.5 | 92.9 | 0.41 | 100 | 100 | 0.28 | 99.0 | 94.0 | 0.62 | 0.001 |
| Gait speed (mean ± SD) (time seconds) | 9.38 ± 4.82 | 7.88 ± 2.23 | 0.09 | 10.54 ± 4.95 | 10.87 ± 6.67 | 0.85 | 10.12 ± 4.92 | 9.53 ± 5.32 | 0.58 | 0.16 |
| Low energy (%) | 51.6 | 78.6 | 0.04 | 65.7 | 78.9 | 0.19 | 60.5 | 78.8 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| Asthma (%) | 27.4 | 28.6 | 0.58 | 24.8 | 5.3 | 0.04 | 25.7 | 15.2 | 0.13 | 0.41 |
| Stroke (%) | 41.9 | 42.9 | 0.58 | 70.5 | 47.4 | 0.04 | 59.9 | 45.5 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
| Poor balance (%) | 53.2 | 35.7 | 0.18 | 65.7 | 63.2 | 0.51 | 61.1 | 51.5 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
| ADL (%) | 72.6 | 85.7 | 0.25 | 92.4 | 84.2 | 0.22 | 85.0 | 84.8 | 0.57 | 0.001 |
| Distance walked per day (KM) (mean ± SD) | 1.38 ± 1.19 | 1.19 ± 0.96 | 0.54 | 0.91 ± 0.67 | 0.71 ± 0.48 | 0.11 | 1.08 ± 0.92 | 0.96 ± 0.74 | 0.94 | 0.002 |
| Sleep quality (PQSI) (mean ± SD) | 6.82 ± 3.50 | 7.57 ± 2.82 | 0.40 | 8.05 ± 3.73 | 7.26 ± 3.54 | 0.38 | 7.59 ± 3.69 | 7.39 ± 3.21 | 0.75 | 0.03 |
| Poor sleep quality (%) | 67.7 | 85.7 | 0.04 | 80.0 | 68.4 | 0.20 | 75.4 | 75.8 | 0.58 | 0.05 |
| Heart rate (mean ± SD) | 77.28 ± 12.67 | 82.86 ± 10.56 | 0.09 | 77.61 ± 12.33 | 87.26 ± 11.91 | 0.002 | 77.55 ± 12.53 | 85.58 ± 11.47 | 0.001 | 0.87 |
χ2 statistics, *t-test statistics