| Family planning |
| Howard et al. (2008) |
Guinea |
Camp |
Armed Conflict |
Stabilised |
Refugee |
Development of a refugee led “Reproductive Health Group” |
Cross-sectional |
Those who reported RHG facilitators as their primary information source had non-significantly higher odds of being current users of contraception (OR = 1.3, 0.7–2.6, adjusted for parity, education, and partner approval of FP) |
High |
| Huber et al. (2010) |
Afghanistan |
Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
General Population |
Health education, CHW delivery of injectable contraceptives |
Pre-Post Study |
The REACH Project achieved an increase of contraceptive use from 16% to 26%, over a period of 2 years in 13 provinces. The ACU Project increased contraceptive use by 24–27% in its three sites over 8 months |
Moderate |
| Casey et al. (2013) |
Uganda |
Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Stabilised |
IDP / General Population |
Mobile outreach and public health centre strengthening |
Cross-sectional |
Increased ever use of FP method 27.6% [23.5–32.2] to 47.3% [43.6–51.1], (aOR 2.23 [1.7–2.92] p<0.001). Unmet FP need 52.1% [48.5–55.6] to 35.7% [32–39.6], (aOR 0.47 [0.37–0.6], p<0.001) |
High |
| Curry et al. (2015) |
Multi-Country (Chad, DRC, Djibouti, Mali, Pakistan) |
Urban / Rural |
Armed Conflict / Natural Disaster |
Acute |
IDP / Refugee / General Population |
Training, facility supervision, supply of contraceptives, community mobilisation and awareness raising |
Cross-sectional |
Increase in new modern FP method users over time, notably for new users choosing long-acting and reversible contraceptives (78% in the DRC, 72% in Chad, and 51% in Mali, 29% in Pakistan). |
Moderate |
| Adam (2016) |
Sudan |
Camp |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
IDP |
Home counselling and awareness raising |
Cross-sectional |
Increased use of modern family planning methods (aOR 2.8, 95%CI 2.0–4.1) |
High |
| Raheel et al. (2012) |
Pakistan |
Urban |
Armed conflict |
Stabilised |
Refugee |
Subsidised healthcare (90% subsidies for doctor's visits, hospital visits, emergency care, free family planning, excluding prescriptions) |
Cross-sectional |
Reported use of contraceptives in subsidised group (54%) was more than double the use reported in the non-subsidised group (25%), (P<0.001); non-subsidised group more likely to use the pill (40.7%), subsidised group more likely to have tubal ligation (36.7%), p<0.001. |
High |
| PMTCT |
| Bannick-Mbazzi (2013) |
Uganda |
Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
General Population |
Comprehensive PMTCT programme |
Cross-sectional |
Between 2004 and 2011, prevalence of HIV in children 6 weeks—18 months old declined from 10.3% to 5% (p = 0.01). Increase in number of HIV positive women delivering in a health facility (56% to 81%, p-0.033) |
High |
| HIV/Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |
| Larsen et al. (2004) |
Sierra Leone |
Urban |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
General Population |
AIDS prevention programme–community outreach and education |
Pre-Post Study |
At post-intervention, 68 per cent of CSWs reported using a condom at their last sexual encounter as compared to only 38 per cent at baseline. At post-intervention 83 per cent reported having ever used a condom, as compared to 60 per cent at baseline. At post-intervention, 82 per cent of military respondents reported having ever used a condom up from 66 per cent in 2001, while the proportion of those who reported using a condom at last sexual intercourse increased from 39 per cent to 68 per cent of respondents. |
High |
| Casey et al. (2006) |
Sierra Leone |
Urban |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
IDP / General Population |
HIV prevention activities |
Pre-Post Study |
At baseline, fewer than one in five (15.6%) female youth reported condom use the last time they had sex, while nearly half (46.2%) reported this at post-intervention. Similarly, only one in four (24.8%) reported having ever used a condom at baseline as compared to nearly two in three (63.6%) at post-intervention. The proportion of male youth reporting having used a condom the last time they had sexual intercourse increased from 15.6% at baseline to 37.1%. While one in four (26.4%) respondents reported having ever used a condom at baseline, one in two (50.2%) reported having ever used a condom at post-intervention. |
High |
| Culbert et al. (2007) |
DRC |
Urban |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
General Population |
Initiation of anti-retroviral treatment |
Cohort |
6 month median weight gain 2.5kg (0–5.5), 6 month medial CD4 gain 163 (82–232), 12 month mortality 7.9% (3.6%-12.1%), 12 month LTFU 5.4% (3.2–7.5) |
Moderate |
| O’Brien et al. (2010) |
Ten sub-Saharan African countries, Colombia, India |
Urban, Rural & Camp |
Armed Conflict & Natural Disaster |
Acute & Chronic |
IDP / Refugees / General Population |
HIV service integration |
Cross-sectional |
Median 12-month survival of 0.89 (95% CI 0.88–0.91) and a median 6-month CD4 gain of 129 cells/mm3 following the integration of HIV care and treatment programmes with other medical activities |
High |
| Logie et al. (2014) |
Haiti |
Camp |
Natural Disaster |
Chronic |
IDP |
Weekly psycho-educational and Peer Health Worker-led psycho-educational HIV-STI prevention |
Cohort |
Increase in condom use (AOR 4.05, 95% CI: 1.86, 8.83, p<0.001) |
High |
| Pregnancy & maternal and newborn health |
| Samai & Sengeh (1997) |
Sierra Leone |
Urban |
Armed Conflict |
Acute |
General Population |
Investments in vehicular referral system, community education, health facility improvements |
Pre-Post Study |
Service utilisation more than doubled in the period following initiation of the transport system. The case fatality rate declined from 20% to 10% in the post-intervention period. |
Moderate |
| McPherson et al. (2006) |
Nepal |
Urban & Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Stabilised |
General Population |
Community education, birth preparedness programme |
Pre-Post Study |
The proportion of women reporting one or more antenatal care visit increased from 60% to 84% (p<0.001), and use of postnatal care within six weeks of delivery increased from 45% to 72% (p<0.001). Changes in the use of a skilled birth provider were not statistically significant. |
High |
| Hadi et al. (2007) |
Afghanistan |
Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
General Population |
Introduction of a community-based safe motherhood programme |
Pre-Post Study |
Pregnant women reached by CHW—40.3% in 2004 to 95.5% in 2006 (p<0.01); received antenatal care—37.3% in 2004 to 91.2% in 2006 (p<0.01); institutional delivery 31.3% to 55.2% (p<0.01) |
High |
| Purdin et al. (2009) |
Pakistan |
Urban & Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
Refugee |
Establishing emergency obstetric care (EmOC) centres, community training on safe motherhood, linking primary health care with education on pregnancy danger signs and importance of skilled attendance at birth, improving health information system |
Cross-sectional |
The proportion of refugee births in an EmOC facility increased from 4.8% in 1996 to 67.2% in 2007. MMR reduced from 291 to 102 per 100,000 live births from 1st to 5th year of programme (95% CI 181 to 400); NMR reduced from 25 to 20.7 per 1000 live births from 1st to 7th year. |
Moderate |
| Turner et al. (2013) |
Thailand |
Camp |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
Refugee |
Development of a Special Care Baby Unit and associated training |
Cross-sectional |
NMR decreased from 21.8 deaths per 1000 live births to 10.7 deaths per 1000 live births (p = 0.03) between 2008 and 2011. Cause specific mortality fell in all of the four main causes of death overall: prematurity (19.3% to 4.8%), Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis (6.0% to 1.8%), congenital abnormality (60% to 22.2%) and jaundice (2.2% to 0.6%). |
Moderate |
| Adam (2015) |
Sudan |
Camp |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
IDP |
Home-based maternal health education |
Cross-sectional |
Maternal health education reduced odds of home birth (aOR 0.57) |
High |
| Adam et al. (2015) |
Sudan |
Camp |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
IDP |
Interpersonal communication and mass education campaigns |
Cross-sectional |
Education campaigns increased likelihood of at least 3 antenatal care visits (OR 8.8, 95% CI 6.4–12), healthcare-facility based delivery (OR 5.4, 95% CI 4.0–7.4), 1 or more postnatal care visits (OR 5.5, 95% CI 4.0–7.7). |
High |
| Groppi et al. (2015) |
South Sudan |
Urban & Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
General Population |
Ambulance-based referral system |
Cross-sectional |
Facility-based deliveries increased in 2012 to 1089 (13.3% of expected deliveries in catchment area). 38.3% of women in need of EmOC received such care. CS proportion 0.6%. |
Moderate |
| Castillo et al. (2016) |
Philippines |
Urban & Rural |
Natural Disaster |
Early Recovery |
General Population |
Training of trainers and quality assessment workshops |
Pre-Post Study |
24/7 skilled birth attendance (approx. 84% to 96%), kangaroo mother care (approx. 41% to 94%). |
High |
| Pham et al. (2016) |
Sudan |
Urban & Camp |
Armed Conflict |
Acute |
IDP / Refugee |
Staff training, primary healthcare service provision |
Cross-sectional |
Skilled birth attendance increased from 35.7% to 52.7% (p = 0.025) |
High |
| Sexual and gender-based violence |
| Gupta et al. (2013) |
Ivory Coast |
Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Acute |
General Population |
Gender dialogue groups, economic empowerment programme |
RCT |
VSLA + GDG less likely to report economic abuse than VSLA-only (OR 0.39, CI 0.25–0.6, p<0.0001); acceptance of justification towards violence was reduced (B = -0.97, CI -1.67, -0.28, p = 0.006). Highly adherent women in VSLA + GDG group less likely to report physical violence (aOR 0.45, CI 0.21–0.94, p = 0.04) |
High |
| Hossain et al. (2013) |
Ivory Coast |
Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Acute |
General Population |
Men’s discussion group |
RCT |
Men more likely to use one positive conflict management technique (aRR 1.3, CI 1.06–1.58); men involved in at least two household tasks (aRR 2.47, CI 1.24–4.9). |
High |
| Bass et al. (2013) |
DRC |
Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
General Population |
Individual psychological support, group cognitive therapy |
RCT |
Individual support (HSCL-25 score 1.7+/-0.7 end of treatment, 1.5+/-0.6 6 months post-Tx; p<0.001; PTSD checklist 1.7+/-0.8 end of treatment, 1.5+/-0.7 6 months post-Tx, p<0.001; functional-impairment score 1.9+/-0.9 end of Tx, 1.8+/- 0.9 6 months post-Tx; p<0.001) and therapy groups (HSCL-25 score for depression and anxiety 0.8+/-0.6 end of treatment; 0.7+/-0.6 6 months post-Tx; p<0.001; PTSD checklist score end of treatment 0.8+/- 0.6 end of treatment, 0.7+/-0.6 6 months post-Tx, p<0.001; functional impairment score 0.8+/-0.07 end of Tx, 0.9+/-0.7 6 months post-Tx; p<0.0001) had significant improvements during treatment, with effects maintained at 6 months |
High |
| Interventions targeting outcomes across multiple SRH domains |
| Leigh et al. (1997) |
Sierra Leone |
Urban |
Armed Conflict |
Early Recovery |
General Population |
Skilled staff deployment, training, provision of supplies, enhanced community referral |
Cross-sectional |
The proportion of women accessing the hospital increased from 31 in 1990 to 98 in 1995, with a reduction in the case fatality rate from 32% to 5%. In addition, 444 abortion-related procedures were performed, compared with only 22 in 1990. |
Moderate |
| McGinn & Allen (2006) |
Guinea |
Camp |
Armed Conflict |
Early Recovery |
Refugee |
Reproductive health literacy programme |
Cross-sectional |
50% of the survey respondents reported current use of modern contraceptives, while 24% reported using a condom the last time they had sex, of which both findings were interpreted as an increase since implementation of the reproductive health literacy programme. 92% of women who reported becoming pregnant since the reproductive health literacy programme reported attending at least three antenatal visits. |
High |
| Mullany et al. (2010) |
Myanmar |
Rural |
Armed Conflict |
Chronic |
IDP |
Training of community-based healthcare providers, antenatal, obstetric, and family planning service provision |
Cross-sectional |
Use of a modern method of contraception increased from 23.9% to 45.0% (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) 1.88, 95% CI 1.63, 2.17). Unmet family planning needs dropped from 61.7% to 40.5% (PRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.60, 0.72), while birth attendance by someone trained in emergency obstetric care increased from 5.1% to 48.7% (PRR 9.55, 95% CI 7.21, 12.64). |
High |
| Zaman et al. (2013) |
Pakistan |
Urban & Rural |
Natural Disaster |
Stabilised |
General Population |
Health system strengthening including strengthening management capacities of district health authorities, improving access to quality primary healthcare services, increasing participation of communities in health service management, and improving household level knowledge and care-seeking behaviours |
Cross-sectional |
Increases in the use of modern contraceptives (18% to 22%), at least one antenatal care visit (70.3% to 73.6%), and presence of a skilled birth attendant (36% to 38%) were non-significant. A statistically significant increase in receipt of postnatal care from 25% to 33.3% was reported (p<0.01). |
High |
