Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study cohorts
| Characteristics | Discovery cohort |
Replication and discrimination cohort |
All-cause ESKD replication cohort |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2D-ESKD cases | Nondiabetic non-nephropathy controls | T2D-lacking nephropathy | T2D-ESKD cases | Nondiabetic non-nephropathy controls | T2D lacking nephropathy | Nondiabetic ESKD | T2D-ESKD | Nondiabetic non-nephropathy controls | |
| N | 456 | 936 | 338 | 2020 | 1121 | 665 | 1910 | 219 | 912 |
| Female (%) | 61.62 | 59.72 | 68.05 | 57.12 | 51.74 | 64.47 | 58.74a | 50.68 | 41.89a |
| Age (yr) | 64.61 ± 8.55a | 52.49 ± 11.25 | 57.42 ± 10.16a | 61.46 ± 10.88a | 46.50 ± 12.09 | 55.78 ± 11.61a | 55.35 ± 14.44a | 61.99 ± 10.99 | 44.82 ± 13.83a |
| Age at T2D onset (yr) | 46.2 ± 9.27 | — | — | 38.62 ± 12.76 | — | 46.20 ± 12.27 | — | 37.81 ± 9.60 | — |
| Duration of T2D for T2D-lacking nephropathy (yr) | — | — | — | — | — | 9.58 ± 9.12 | — | — | — |
| Duration of T2D before ESKD (yr) | 15.36 ± 8.80 | — | — | 19.66 ± 9.91 | — | — | — | 20.41 ± 9.55 | — |
| Duration of ESKD (yr) | 3.11 ± 3.73 | — | — | 3.61 ± 3.64 | — | — | 6.17 ± 5.80 | 4.04 ± 3.11 | — |
| Fasting serum glucose (mg/dl) | — | 84.75 ± 9.69 | — | — | 96.52 ± 20.93 | — | 87.00 ± 8.72a | — | 96.09 ± 10.46 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | — | 92.10 ± 17.33 | 94.44 ± 19.78 | — | 103.45 ± 19.08 | 95.71 ± 18.28a | — | — | 89.29 ± 16.72 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.43 ± 6.52a | 30.86 ± 6.88 | 33.11 ± 6.22a | 30.74 ± 7.13a | 29.81 ± 7.36 | 33.10 ± 7.81a | 27.76 ± 7.21a | 29.73 ± 7.03 | 29.73 ± 6.60 |
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
Categorical data expressed as percentage; continuous data as mean ± SD.
a
Significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with nondiabetic non-nephropathy controls.