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. 2018 Jul 6;8:10249. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28233-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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N. attenuata genes shifted by oviposition in their species-specific feeding-induced expression. In plants fed by either S. exigua (Se, dark bars) or M. sexta (Ms, light bars) larvae, transcript accumulation (mean ± SEM) of (a) the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (NaMKK1: Na_454_10210), (b) a SA methyl transferase (SAMT: Na_454_08320), (c) the circadian clock gene timing of CAB expression (NaTOC1: Na_454_09895), and (d) an early flowering-like gene (Na_454_09170) was determined by real-time qPCR and normalized to EF1α as reference gene and expressed relative to untreated control plants. Plants were previously oviposited by either of the two species or not (−) and letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 according to linear mixed-effects models with the different herbivory treatments as fixed factors and replicate block as random factor followed by a Tukey post-hoc test (N = 9–10).