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TGFβ shuts the door on T cells. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) release TGFβ to exclude T cells from colorectal and metastatic urothelial cancer tumours. Co-targeting PD-L1 and TGFβ (via anti-TGFβ, TGFβR-inhibitor or TGFβ-traps) may overcome T cell exclusion and immune checkpoint function to convert excluded tumours to inflamed tumours and thus broaden the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy
