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. 2018 Jul 6;8:10227. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26809-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of colonization with P. indica on the expression of genes within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Red colored squares indicate genes upregulated in the comparison of control versus P. indica; blue colored squares indicate down-regulated genes in this comparison. Homologs in Arabidopsis of all upregulated and downregulated soybean genes were mapped to the Arabidopsis KEGG pathway for flavonoid biosynthesis^144–146. Enzyme Commission (EC) codes colored in green boxes represent enzymatic steps present in soybean. While several steps early in the pathway are downregulated, genes in steps leading to biosynthesis of luteolin (purple box) and quercetin (pink box) are upregulated.