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. 2018 Jul 6;8:10257. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28592-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental design. (A) Surface reconstruction of an adult human bony labyrinth based on CT images illustrating the oval window (OW) where sound enters the inner ear, round window (RW), lateral canal (LC), posterior canal (PC), superior canal (SC) and location of dehiscence (D)⁵⁹. (i) Navier-Stokes simulation with simplified toroidal canal geometry where sinusoidal pressure P_o is applied at the outer tube (black arrows) and pressure is relieved at the dehiscence (D). The bony labyrinth was modeled as a perilymph-filled rigid tube (black outlines), and the membranous labyrinth was modeled as an endolymph-filled elastic tube. Color bar indicates the displacement magnitude of the membranous duct (white is zero, black is maximum). The maximum displacement occurs at the location of the dehiscence (D) and waves propagate away from the dehiscence towards the oval window stimulus site. (B) Membranous labyrinth of the experimental animal model (oyster toadfish), showing the location of the simulated dehiscence (SD) in the lateral canal (LC) and location of single-unit afferent neuron recordings in the LC nerve branch (E) (Adapted in part from Iversen et al.¹⁴ with the permission of the Acoustical Society of America). (ii) The inverse of the inter-spike-interval, Spk-s⁻¹, was recorded. (iii) Close-up of the lateral canal ampulla at the location where velocity fields were measured using PIV.