Fig. 3.

NOD2-deficient individuals have impaired cytokine responses in response to Aspergillus. a IL-1β and TNF levels in culture supernatants of PBMCs from healthy controls (black dots) and NOD2-deficient patients (gray dots) that were stimulated for 24 h with A. fumigatus live conidia, HI conidia or HI hyphae (n = 11 controls and n = 9 patients for IL-1β and n = 9 controls and n = 8 patients for TNF). b IL-17A, IL-22, and IFNγ levels after 7 days of stimulation with HI conidia or HI hyphae (IL-17A n = 7 controls and n = 6 patients; IL-22 and IFNγ n = 10 controls, n = 8 patients). c IL-17A⁺, IL-22⁺, and IFNγ⁺ CD4 T-cell populations (n = 8 controls and n = 5 patients) after 7 days stimulation with HI conidia shown as the percentage of total CD4 cells. d The fungal killing capacity of PBMCs (5 × 10⁵) from healthy controls and NOD2-deficient patients (n = 12 controls, n = 6 patients) counted as CFU remaining after 24-h stimulation with live A. fumigatus (2 × 10⁶). e The area under the curve of the reactive oxygen species release of PBMCs from healthy controls and NOD2-deficient patients (controls n = 8, patients n = 4) in response to live Aspergillus conidia (1 × 10⁷/mL) and zymosan (150 µg/mL) measured by luminescence signal from luminol conversion over 1 h. Data are represented as scatter dot plot with median and means were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test