Table 2.
Baseline demographic and utilization data.
| Characteristics | Intervention cohort (N=558) | Matched control cohort (N=1669) | P value | |
| Female, n (%) | 360 (64.5) | 1097 (65.73) | .60 | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 55.29 (8.89) | 54.97 (11.19) | .48 | |
| Residence region, n (%) |
|
|
||
|
|
Northeast | 71 9 (12.7) | 222 (13.30) | .98 |
|
|
South | 176 (31.5) | 514 (30.80) |
|
|
|
Midwest | 231 (41.4) | 697 (41.76) |
|
|
|
West | 80 (14.3) | 236 (14.14) |
|
| Medicare advantage, n (%) | 17 (3.0) | 67 (4.01) | .30 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
|
|
DCIa, (mean, SD) | 1.59 (1.19) | 1.55 (1.16) | .47 |
|
|
Hypertension, n (%) | 315 (56.5) | 945 (56.62) | .94 |
|
|
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 315 (56.5) | 945 (56.62) | .94 |
|
|
Obesity, n (%) | 62 (11.1) | 173 (10.37) | .62 |
|
|
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 26 (4.7) | 80 (4.79) | .90 |
|
|
Renal disease, n (%) | 13 (2.3) | 26 (1.56) | .23 |
|
|
Depression, n (%) | 58 (10.4) | 162 (9.71) | .64 |
|
|
Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.24) | >.99 |
|
|
Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 30 (5.4) | 82 (4.91) | .66 |
|
|
Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 3 (0.5) | 8 (0.48) | >.99 |
|
|
Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 11 (2.0) | 36 (2.16) | .79 |
|
|
Osteoporosis, n (%) | 7 (1.3) | 22 (1.32) | .91 |
|
|
Rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, n (%) | 50 (9.0) | 152 (9.11) | .92 |
|
|
Low back pain, n (%) | 69 (12.4) | 223 (13.36) | .55 |
|
|
Musculoskeletal disorders (low back pain excluded), n (%) | 88 (15.8) | 269 (16.12) | .85 |
|
|
Sleep apnea, n (%) | 88 (15.8) | 248 (14.86) | .60 |
| Health care utilization, mean (SD) | ||||
|
|
Hospitalization | 0.11 (0.42) | 0.1 (0.45) | .60 |
|
|
EDb visit | 0.19 (0.65) | 0.19 (0.57) | .83 |
|
|
Office visit | 7.85 (6.41) | 7.9 (6.62) | .88 |
|
|
Lab test | 6.14 (4.99) | 6.19 (7.03) | .85 |
| Health care cost (US $), mean (SD) | ||||
|
|
Total medical cost | 7997 (18,045) | 8551 (18,235) | .75 |
aDCI: Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index.
bED: emergency department.