Table 1.
Comparison of demographic, clinical and metabolic parameters among no smokers (NS), passive smokers (PS) and active smokers (AS)
| Variable | NS (n = 58) | PS (n = 28) | AS (n = 18) | p overall | Post hoc comparison p-value (Bonferroni correction) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NS vs PS | NS vs AS | PS vs AS | |||||
| Age (years) | 17.36 ± 8.84 | 10.20 ± 4.28 | 22.90 ± 6.58 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.008 | < 0.001 |
| Sex (M/F) | 32/26 | 11/17 | 11/7 | 0.27 | |||
| Weight (kg) | 56.49 ± 20.90 | 39.25 ± 20.14 | 65.80 ± 10.49 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.02 | < 0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 157.23 ± 20.83 | 140.51 ± 22.17 | 169.73 ± 7.93 | < 0.001 | 0.018 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.90 ± 4.40 | 18.55 ± 4.03 | 22.72 ± 2.46 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.34 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 71.84 ± 12.73 | 64.50 ± 13.79 | 79.47 ± 9.55 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Tanner stages | |||||||
| 0 (Tanner stage 1) | 11 | 13 | 0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.02 | < 0.001 |
| 1 (Tanner stage 2–3) | 6 | 10 | 2 | ||||
| 2 (Tanner stage 4–5) | 41 | 5 | 16 | ||||
| Physically active (n, %) | 32 (56.1%) | 14 (50%) | 8 (44.4%) | 0.63 | |||
| Insulin dose (U/kg/die) | 0.70 ± 0.27 | 0.65 ± 0.28 | 0.67 ± 0.19 | 0.75 | |||
| Glucose disposal rate (mg/kg/min) | 10.17 ± 1.37 | 11.03 ± 1.58 | 9.43 ± 1.10 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.02 | < 0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 8.21 ± 1.33 | 7.84 ± 1.54 | 8.31 ± 1.05 | 0.39 | |||
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 167.39 ± 39.72 | 162.96 ± 26.76 | 176.67 ± 31.58 | 0.31 | |||
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 58.40 ± 11.23 | 61.54 ± 14.48 | 54.22 ± 12.12 | 0.24 | |||
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 77.03 ± 51.66 | 56.71 ± 20.32 | 79.61 ± 40.90 | 0.10 | |||
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 69.57 ± 8.02 | 65.14 ± 7.62 | 71.39 ± 8.54 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 0.02 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 110.83 ± 13.48 | 103.46 ± 11.64 | 116.11 ± 9.63 | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
Data are reported as mean ± SD or counts and compared with the Kruskall Wallis test or the Fisher exact test