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. 2018 Jul 6;11:397. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2984-4

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — The parasitemia and survival rate in all treated mice from the beginning of CQ treatment. a The procedure for the ITV immunization and experiment operation. b, c WT (n = 5) or PD-1^-/- mice (n = 5) were intravenously (i.v.) injected with 10⁶ P. yoelii 17XL-infected red blood cells (RBCs) (Py-iRBCs) or a matching number of normal RBCs (nRBCs) (negative control). The parasitemia and survival rate were recorded from the beginning of CQ treatment. Three independent experiments were performed. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. Data were compared with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Abbreviation: n, number of samples