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. 2018 Jul 4;6:e5121. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5121

Table 1. Relative percentage of volatile compounds detected in fresh R. coriaria fruit (Sumac) from three Middle East sites and in response to roasting using SPME-GC–MS measurements (n = 3).

The % identified for each class is bolded, while the main component from each site is underlined and bolded.

Volatile constituents RT KI Fresh sumac Roasted sumac
Egypt Jordan Palestine Palestine
Average (S.D.)
Alcohols
1 β-Linalool 9.93 1,077 3.38 (1.17) 1.84 (1.60) 0.90 (0.43) 0.28 (0.24)
2 Endo-Borneol 11.116 1,158 0.00 (0.00) 0.06 (0.05) 0.01 (0.02) 0.20 (0.08)
3 4-Terpineol 11.183 1,163 0.23 (0.31) 0.52 (0.49) 0.00 (0.00) 0.03 (0.05)
4 α-Terpineol 11.408 1,179 0.54 (0.48) 0.03 (0.06) 0.02 (0.03) 0.00 (0.00)
Total alcohols 4.15 2.46 0.93 0.51
Aromatics
5 Styrene 6.433 874 0.20 (0.30) 0.69 (0.64) 1.08 (0.69) 0.03 (0.05)
6 Naphthalene 11.328 1,176 0.00 (0.00) 15.88 (4.18) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)
Total aromatics 0.20 16.56 1.08 0.03
Esters
7 Methyl nonanoate 11.608 1,193 1.30 (2.08) 0.26 (0.25) 0.00 (0.00) 0.10 (0.18)
8 Bornyl formate 11.833 1,209 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.01 (0.03) 0.07 (0.09)
9 Linalyl acetate 11.958 1,219 0.24 (0.41) 0.03 (0.06) 0.02 (0.03) 0.09 (0.13)
10 Bornyl acetate 12.523 1,261 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.01 (0.03) 0.07 (0.09)
11 Isobornyl formate 12.534 1,262 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.01 (0.03) 0.07 (0.09)
12 Nerol acetate 13.36 1,327 0.00 (0.00) 0.10 (0.09) 0.03 (0.05) 0.29 (0.21)
Total esters 1.54 0.39 0.09 0.68
Ethers
13 Estragole 11.393 1,177 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)
14 Allyl p-methylbenzyl ether 13.598 1,346 4.46 (1.37) 0.89 (0.29) 2.27 (2.77) 0.38 (0.24)
15 Precocene I 14.725 1,439 1.70 (2.45) 0.29 (0.25) 0.35 (0.27) 0.34 (0.56)
Total ethers 6.17 1.17 2.62 0.72
Furan/aldehydes
16 Furfural 5.35 822 0.32 (0.34) 3.73 (3.26) 0.00 (0.00) 34.37 (10.55)
17 Maleic anhydride 6.092 857 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 2.57 (0.63)
18 Itaconic anhydride 7.599 935 0.90 (0.53) 0.29 (0.38) 1.80 (0.57) 4.29 (0.48)
19 Furfural, 5-methyl- 7.893 952 0.00 (0.00) 0.19 (0.33) 0.00 (0.00) 3.91 (1.13)
20 Octanal 8.408 982 1.22 (0.85) 0.65 (0.57) 0.36 (0.23) 0.47 (0.36)
21 Nonanal 10.008 1,082 1.37 (1.93) 0.76 (0.84) 0.93 (0.86) 12.20 (5.08)
22 Decanal 11.418 1,181 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)
23 (Z)-2-Decenal 12.204 1,237 0.18 (0.26) 0.55 (0.47) 0.40 (0.19) 0.38 (0.46)
Total furan/aldehydes 3.99 6.17 3.49 58.19
Hydrocarbons
24 Dodecane 11.242 1,171 0.00 (0.00) 0.03 (0.05) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)
Total hydrocarbons 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00
Ketones
25 Camphenone, 6- 9.34 1,039 1.20 (1.16) 0.29 (0.26) 0.42 (0.20) 0.56 (0.22)
26 Acetophenone 9.549 1,052 0.18 (0.15) 0.00 (0.00) 0.01 (0.02) 0.00 (0.00)
27 3-Thujanone 10.105 1,088 0.93 (0.59) 0.89 (0.77) 0.84 (0.07) 5.16 (3.74)
28 Camphor 10.758 1,133 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)
29 p-Menthone 10.822 1,137 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)
30 Pyranone 10.917 1,144 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.40 (0.68)
31 Carvone 12.075 1,228 0.00 (0.00) 0.03 (0.06) 0.00 (0.00) 0.02 (0.03)
Total ketones 2.30 1.21 1.26 6.14
Monoterpene hydrocarbon
32 α-Pinene 7.143 909 4.05 (1.55) 1.98 (0.15) 16.70 (5.56) 2.01 (1.81)
33 α-Fenchene 7.45 927 0.18 (0.16) 0.00 (0.00) 0.80 (0.52) 0.04 (0.04)
34 β-Pinene 7.948 957 1.79 (1.46) 0.50 (0.44) 0.84 (0.52) 0.11 (0.06)
35 β-Myrcene 7.95 956 0.88 (0.54) 0.18 (0.16) 0.17 (0.29) 0.17 (0.12)
36 β-Thujene 8.483 986 1.06 (0.52) 0.82 (0.31) 1.39 (1.84) 0.59 (0.83)
37 4-Carene 8.602 993 0.42 (0.29) 0.31 (0.27) 0.08 (0.14) 0.09 (0.02)
38 1,3,8-p-Menthatriene 8.745 1,001 1.42 (0.19) 0.81 (0.71) 0.28 (0.33) 0.02 (0.03)
39 O-Cymene 8.768 1,003 7.73 (1.27) 4.25 (1.87) 2.40 (0.82) 0.23 (0.09)
40 Limonene 8.827 1,007 7.36 (3.63) 3.36 (0.73) 3.90 (1.03) 0.73 (0.12)
41 β-Phellandrene 8.849 1,009 0.47 (0.15) 0.55 (0.49) 0.22 (0.38) 0.08 (0.02)
42 β-Ocimene 9.042 1,020 7.50 (0.80) 3.83 (2.93) 3.21 (1.63) 0.85 (0.41)
43 γ-Terpinene 9.283 1,036 0.66 (0.43) 0.29 (0.25) 0.08 (0.14) 0.13 (0.09)
44 β-Terpinene 9.289 1,035 0.33 (0.15) 0.17 (0.16) 0.06 (0.11) 0.19 (0.04)
45 Unknown monterpene 9.7171 1,063 0.38 (0.17) 0.17 (0.23) 0.03 (0.05) 0.06 (0.00)
46 p-Cymenene 9.81 1,069 0.10 (0.17) 0.11 (0.10) 0.00 (0.00) 0.02 (0.03)
47 Unknown monoterpene 12.533 1,262 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.15 (0.15) 0.18 (0.20)
Total monoterpene hydrocarbon 34.33 17.33 30.32 5.51
Oxides
48 Cineole 8.908 1,012 7.27 (2.98) 3.25 (0.81) 2.23 (0.15) 0.53 (0.31)
Total oxides 7.27 3.25 2.23 0.53
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
49 Unknown sesquiterpene 12.631 1,270 0.00 (0.00) 0.13 (0.11) 0.01 (0.02) 0.06 (0.08)
50 α-Longipinene 13.393 1,330 0.00 (0.00) 0.78 (0.25) 0.53 (0.46) 0.17 (0.21)
51 Copaene 13.662 1,352 0.00 (0.00) 0.17 (0.15) 0.17 (0.22) 0.12 (0.10)
52 α-Cubebene 13.675 1,353 1.29 (0.40) 0.60 (0.07) 0.93 (0.67) 0.27 (0.22)
53 Isocaryophyllene 14.042 1,383 4.42 (0.52) 5.26 (0.81) 5.76 (0.81) 0.50 (0.74)
54 (E)-β-Famesene 14.05 1,383 6.05 (1.69) 6.58 (1.94) 8.26 (1.49) 0.07 (0.03)
55 (Z, Z)-α-Farnesene 14.119 1,389 6.02 (1.98) 7.62 (1.97) 8.60 (1.41) 6.84 (6.42)
56 Longifolene 14.2 1,396 4.42 (0.52) 5.23 (0.81) 5.73 (0.84) 4.81 (3.96)
57 Caryophyllene 14.252 1,400 4.46 (1.37) 5.29 (1.33) 6.21 (1.13) 4.21 (3.11)
58 (E)-β-Famesene isomer 14.433 1,415 3.72 (2.69) 6.51 (2.00) 5.73 (5.12) 0.64 (0.67)
59 Aromadendrene 14.558 1,425 2.15 (3.04) 3.70 (5.72) 2.74 (4.10) 0.45 (0.30)
60 Farnesene isomer 14.575 1,426 1.29 (0.40) 1.75 (0.15) 2.81 (0.97) 0.38 (0.42)
61 α-Humulene 14.662 1,433 0.93 (0.50) 1.48 (0.40) 1.49 (0.22) 1.29 (0.90)
62 (Z)-Muurola-4(14),5-diene 14.817 1,446 1.29 (0.40) 0.75 (0.79) 1.25 (0.40) 0.96 (0.67)
63 Germacrene D 14.841 1,449 2.83 (2.38) 2.46 (3.56) 2.34 (2.71) 0.82 (0.61)
64 γ-Muurolene 15.083 1,468 0.00 (0.00) 0.27 (0.24) 0.51 (0.79) 0.60 (0.17)
65 α-Muurolene 15.123 1,471 0.26 (0.23) 0.17 (0.22) 0.37 (0.32) 0.90 (0.58)
66 β-Bisabolene 15.153 1,474 0.93 (0.50) 1.64 (0.27) 1.29 (1.16) 0.39 (0.32)
67 γ-Cadinene 15.342 1,489 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.35 (0.32) 0.82 (0.55)
68 δ-Cadinene, (+)− 15.359 1,491 0.00 (0.00) 0.28 (0.27) 1.04 (0.91) 1.79 (1.18)
69 Calamenene 15.442 1,498 0.00 (0.00) 0.17 (0.15) 0.17 (0.20) 0.50 (0.29)
70 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4,4a,7-hexahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)- 15.575 1,507 0.00 (0.00) 0.17 (0.15) 0.68 (0.61) 0.36 (0.24)
71 Unknown sesquiterpene 15.628 1,511 0.00 (0.00) 0.41 (0.40) 0.98 (0.86) 0.30 (0.19)
72 α-Calacorene 15.705 1,517 0.00 (0.00) 0.03 (0.05) 0.03 (0.04) 0.30 (0.11)
73 Unknown sesquiterpene 15.977 1,525 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.11 (0.03)
74 Unknown sesquiterpene 21.707 1,853 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.03 (0.06)
Total sesquiterpene hydrocarbon 40.06 51.44 57.98 27.71
Total volatiles 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00