Exhibit 1.
Characteristics of study population by primary source of referral
| Non–criminal justice | Criminal justice | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | |
| Male**** | 30,306 | 55.6 | 11,686 | 66.6 |
| Age range (years)**** | ||||
| 18–29 | 24,714 | 45.3 | 9,210 | 52.5 |
| 30–39 | 15,310 | 28.1 | 4,889 | 27.9 |
| 40–49 | 7,732 | 14.2 | 2,129 | 12.1 |
| 50 and older | 6,792 | 12.5 | 1,308 | 7.5 |
| Race/ethnicity**** | ||||
| White | 39,669 | 72.7 | 13,042 | 74.4 |
| Black | 5,815 | 10.7 | 1,695 | 9.7 |
| Hispanic (any race) | 6,780 | 12.4 | 2,192 | 12.5 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 786 | 1.4 | 170 | 1.0 |
| Asian, Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander | 443 | 0.8 | 139 | 0.8 |
| Multiracial | 388 | 0.7 | 136 | 0.8 |
| Other | 667 | 1.2 | 162 | 0.9 |
| Employment status*** | ||||
| Employed full time | 8,641 | 15.8 | 2,742 | 15.6 |
| Employed part time | 4,374 | 8.0 | 1,473 | 8.4 |
| Unemployed | 24,395 | 44.7 | 7,594 | 43.3 |
| Not in the labor force | 17,138 | 31.4 | 5,727 | 32.7 |
| Years of education**** | ||||
| 8 or less | 2,727 | 5.0 | 844 | 4.8 |
| 9–11 | 11,264 | 20.6 | 4,509 | 25.7 |
| 12 | 25,282 | 46.3 | 8,518 | 48.6 |
| 13–15 | 12,345 | 22.6 | 3,122 | 17.8 |
| 16 or more | 2,930 | 5.4 | 543 | 3.1 |
| Living arrangement**** | ||||
| Homeless | 4,675 | 8.6 | 1,178 | 6.7 |
| Dependent living | 8,829 | 16.2 | 4,742 | 27.0 |
| Independent living | 41,044 | 75.2 | 11,616 | 66.2 |
| Arrests in past 30 days**** | ||||
| 0 | 51,456 | 94.3 | 15,401 | 87.8 |
| 1 | 2,540 | 4.7 | 1,926 | 11.0 |
| 2 or more | 552 | 1.0 | 209 | 1.2 |
| Primary opioid type | ||||
| Heroin | 32,526 | 59.6 | 10,342 | 59.0 |
| Other | 22,022 | 40.4 | 7,194 | 41.0 |
| Frequency of opioid use in past month**** | ||||
| No use | 9,550 | 17.5 | 8,878 | 50.6 |
| Few to multiple times | 5,251 | 9.6 | 2,545 | 14.5 |
| Daily or near daily use | 39,747 | 72.9 | 6,113 | 34.9 |
| Alcohol or benzodiazepine use**** | 9,938 | 18.2 | 3,613 | 20.6 |
| Treatment facility type**** | ||||
| Ambulatory non-intensive outpatient | 37,254 | 68.3 | 9,653 | 55.1 |
| Ambulatory intensive outpatient | 7,106 | 13.0 | 3,389 | 19.3 |
| Hospital rehab or residential | 213 | 0.4 | 33 | 0.2 |
| Short-term rehab or residential | 6,650 | 12.2 | 1,814 | 10.3 |
| Long-term rehab or residential | 3,325 | 6.1 | 2,647 | 15.1 |
SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data for 2014 from the Treatment Episode Data Set. NOTES There were 72,084 patients, 17,536 (24.3 percent) of whom were referred to treatment by the criminal justice system. Significance was measured by chi-square tests. “Rehab” is rehabilitation.
***
p < 0.01
****
p < 0.001