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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 7.
Published in final edited form as: Health Aff (Millwood). 2017 Dec;36(12):2046–2053. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0890

Exhibit 1.

Characteristics of study population by primary source of referral

Non–criminal justice Criminal justice
No. % No. %
Male**** 30,306 55.6 11,686 66.6
Age range (years)****
 18–29 24,714 45.3 9,210 52.5
 30–39 15,310 28.1 4,889 27.9
 40–49 7,732 14.2 2,129 12.1
 50 and older 6,792 12.5 1,308 7.5
Race/ethnicity****
 White 39,669 72.7 13,042 74.4
 Black 5,815 10.7 1,695 9.7
 Hispanic (any race) 6,780 12.4 2,192 12.5
 American Indian or Alaska Native 786 1.4 170 1.0
 Asian, Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander 443 0.8 139 0.8
 Multiracial 388 0.7 136 0.8
 Other 667 1.2 162 0.9
Employment status***
 Employed full time 8,641 15.8 2,742 15.6
 Employed part time 4,374 8.0 1,473 8.4
 Unemployed 24,395 44.7 7,594 43.3
 Not in the labor force 17,138 31.4 5,727 32.7
Years of education****
 8 or less 2,727 5.0 844 4.8
 9–11 11,264 20.6 4,509 25.7
 12 25,282 46.3 8,518 48.6
 13–15 12,345 22.6 3,122 17.8
 16 or more 2,930 5.4 543 3.1
Living arrangement****
 Homeless 4,675 8.6 1,178 6.7
 Dependent living 8,829 16.2 4,742 27.0
 Independent living 41,044 75.2 11,616 66.2
Arrests in past 30 days****
 0 51,456 94.3 15,401 87.8
 1 2,540 4.7 1,926 11.0
 2 or more 552 1.0 209 1.2
Primary opioid type
 Heroin 32,526 59.6 10,342 59.0
 Other 22,022 40.4 7,194 41.0
Frequency of opioid use in past month****
 No use 9,550 17.5 8,878 50.6
 Few to multiple times 5,251 9.6 2,545 14.5
 Daily or near daily use 39,747 72.9 6,113 34.9
Alcohol or benzodiazepine use**** 9,938 18.2 3,613 20.6
Treatment facility type****
 Ambulatory non-intensive outpatient 37,254 68.3 9,653 55.1
 Ambulatory intensive outpatient 7,106 13.0 3,389 19.3
 Hospital rehab or residential 213 0.4 33 0.2
 Short-term rehab or residential 6,650 12.2 1,814 10.3
 Long-term rehab or residential 3,325 6.1 2,647 15.1

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data for 2014 from the Treatment Episode Data Set. NOTES There were 72,084 patients, 17,536 (24.3 percent) of whom were referred to treatment by the criminal justice system. Significance was measured by chi-square tests. “Rehab” is rehabilitation.

***

p < 0.01

****

p < 0.001

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