Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of control subjects and patients with diabetes at baseline and one-year follow-up.

Parameter	Baseline		One-year follow-up		P value
	Control, Ia (n = 12)	Diabetes, IIa (n = 32)	Control, Ib (n = 12)	Diabetes, IIb (n = 32)	Ia versus IIa∗	Ib versus Ia†	IIb versus IIa‡
Age, y	54.4 ± 12.7	56.9 ± 14.7	55.3 ± 12.8	58.1 ± 14.6	0.488	≤0.001	≤0.001
Sex (M/F)	6/6	18/14			—	—	—
Duration of diabetes, y	—	11.2 ± 9.2	—	12.4 ± 9.0			≤0.001
Weight, kg	63.8 ± 7.4	71.0 ± 16.5	63.4 ± 8.1	70.1 ± 14.5	0.155	0.692	0.318
BMI, kg/m2	23.15 ± 2.40	25.80 ± 4.78	22.9 ± 2.20	25.50 ± 4.14	0.075	0.631	0.328
SBP, mmHg	122.3 ± 11.8	137.8 ± 16.3	122.8 ± 11.4	133.3 ± 14.2	0.005	0.564	0.175
DBP, mmHg	73.5 ± 5.6	82.6 ± 8.0	74.0 ± 5.5	81.3 ± 10.6	0.001	0.551	0.396
TC, mmol/L	4.88 ± 0.67	4.52 ± 1.07	4.71 ± 0.59	4.59 ± 1.14	0.407	0.296	0.902
TG, mmol/L	1.25 ± 0.56	1.94 ± 1.82	1.21 ± 0.51	1.78 ± 1.57	0.177	0.819	0.483
LDLC, mmol/L	2.78 ± 0.64	2.69 ± 0.72	2.67 ± 0.61	2.56 ± 0.83	0.884	0.457	0.326
HDLC, mmol/L	1.51 ± 0.28	1.22 ± 0.33	1.42 ± 0.28	1.30 ± 0.31	0.008	0.107	0.058
HbA1c, %	5.36 ± 0.12	8.22 ± 1.67	5.38 ± 0.11	7.58 ± 1.47	≤0.001	0.275	0.058
TCSS	0.6 ± 0.7	5.2 ± 4.5	0.7 ± 0.7	5.4 ± 4.8	0.001	0.674	0.338
PMNCV, m/s	50.20 ± 2.84	44.67 ± 4.07	49.34 ± 2.36	43.43 ± 3.80	≤0.001	0.201	0.496
TMNCV, m/s	50.56 ± 3.15	44.24 ± 4.60	50.03 ± 2.39	42.46 ± 4.76	≤0.001	0.341	0.439
SPSNCV, m/s	55.44 ± 3.99	48.71 ± 7.36	54.98 ± 3.23	46.76 ± 7.20	≤0.001	0.491	0.049
SSNCV, m/s	53.69 ± 3.05	48.34 ± 7.18	52.63 ± 2.00	44.92 ± 6.21	0.017	0.156	0.146
CNFD, n/mm2	29.31 ± 4.31	18.71 ± 4.73	28.29 ± 3.38	19.12 ± 5.99	≤0.001	0.093	0.643
CNBD, n/mm2	42.19 ± 13.91	21.80 ± 14.67	39.11 ± 18.11	20.78 ± 12.98	0.003	0.279	0.667
CNFL, mm/mm2	17.96 ± 2.40	11.81 ± 2.46	17.15 ± 2.44	11.63 ± 2.72	≤0.001	0.191	0.737

Results are expressed as mean ± SD or counts for categorical variables. ^∗Independent-sample t-test. ^†Paired-sample t-test. ^‡χ² test.