Table 2.
Baseline characteristics by trajectory group (N=10,406)
| Baseline characteristics* | Group 1 (persistent nonadherers) |
Group 2 (intermediate nonadherers) |
Group 3 (intermediate nonadherers) |
Group 4 (persistent adherers) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 3772 (36) | 2431 (23) | 2481 (24) | 1722 (17) |
| Age – mean + SD | 36.7 + 11.6 | 37.1 + 11.7 | 37.8 + 11.8 | 40.4 + 12.2 |
| Age group – N (%) | ||||
| 18–34 years | 1808 (48) | 1120 (46) | 1067 (43) | 619 (36) |
| 35–50 years | 1388 (37) | 923 (38) | 975 (39) | 665 (39) |
| 51–65 years | 576 (15) | 388 (16) | 439 (18) | 438 (25) |
| Female – N (%) Race/ethnicity |
3568 (95) | 2301 (95) | 2333 (94) | 1598 (93) |
| Black | 1694 (45) | 1069 (44) | 1062 (43) | 540 (31) |
| White | 1166 (31) | 675 (28) | 717 (29) | 681 (40) |
| Hispanic | 692 (18) | 518 (21) | 513 (21) | 324 (19) |
| Asian | 99 (3) | 90 (4) | 100 (4) | 111 (6) |
| AI/AN | 46 (1) | 27 (1) | 28 (1) | 20 (1) |
| Other | 75 (2) | 52 (2) | 61 (2) | 46 (3) |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | 843 (22) | 579 (24) | 626 (25) | 459 (27) |
| Midwest | 627 (17) | 357 (15) | 357 (14) | 266 (15) |
| South | 1455 (39) | 922 (38) | 867 (35) | 545 (32) |
| West | 847 (22) | 573 (24) | 631 (25) | 452 (26) |
| Median household income + – mean + SD | 4.4 + 1.7 | 4.5 + 1.6 | 4.5 + 1.7 | 4.6 + 1.7 |
| SLE risk adjustment index – mean + SD | 0.9 + 1.8 | 1.0 + 1.8 | 1.1 + 2.0 | 1.3 + 2.2 |
| Comorbidities- N (%) | ||||
| Substance abuse | 71 (2) | 33 (1) | 27 (1) | 23 (1) |
| Alcoholism | 23 (1) | 11 (0.5) | 17 (1) | NR |
| Malignancy | 78 (2) | 48 (2) | 63 (3) | 46 (3) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 942 (25) | 658 (27) | 709 (29) | 509 (30) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 99 (3) | 72 (3) | 84 (3) | 56 (3) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 27 (1) | 15 (1) | 20 (8) | 11 (1) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 314 (8) | 221 (9) | 242 (10) | 195 (11) |
| Chronic liver disease | 112 (3) | 81 (3) | 85 (3) | 64 (4) |
| Chronic lung disease | 402 (11) | 299 (12) | 269 (11) | 197 (11) |
| Lupus nephritis | 366 (10) | 244 (10) | 252 (10) | 197 (11) |
| Obesity | 90 (2) | 45 (2) | 62 (2) | 43 (2) |
| Thromboembolic disease | 109 (3) | 84 (3) | 84 (3) | 82 (5) |
| Smoking | 215 (6) | 149 (6) | 148 (6) | 115 (7) |
| Antidepressant use Preventive care – N (%) | 1045 (28) | 739 (30) | 685 (28) | 550 (32) |
| Influenza vaccine | 66 (2) | 32 (1) | 48 (2) | 38 (2) |
| Pneumococcal vaccine | 21 (1) | 11 (0.5) | 17 (1) | 14 (1) |
| Immunosuppressive medication use- N (%) | ||||
| Azathioprine | 160 (4) | 107 (4) | 151 (6) | 122 (7) |
| Cyclophosphamide | 11 (0.3) | NR | NR | NR |
| Leflunomide | 20 (0.5) | 15 (1) | 11 (0.4) | 20 (1) |
| Methotrexate | 204 (5) | 138 (6) | 156 (6) | 103 (6) |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 122 (3) | 87 (4) | 99 (4) | 70 (4) |
| Sulfasalazine | 34 (1) | 19 (8) | 20 (8) | 15 (1) |
| Tacrolimus | 18 (0.5) | 13 (1) | NR | 15 (1) |
| Corticosteroids | ||||
| Ever use – N (%) | 2108 (56) | 1475 (61) | 1521 (61) | 1056 (61) |
| Mean daily prednisone-equivalent dose + SD | 2.5mg + 5.8 Median 0 (0, 2.4) |
2.9mg + 6.5 Median 0 (0, 2.9) |
2.8mg + 6.0 Median 0 (0, 3) |
4mg + 40 Median 0 (0, 3.3) |
| HCQ Prescription <30 days- N (%) | 3557 (94) | 2131 (88) | 2270 (91) | 1490 (87) |
|
Mean number of medications – mean + SD Healthcare utilization |
3.7 + 3.2 | 4.2 + 3.4 | 4.2 + 3.3 | 5.3 + 3.9 |
| ED Visits – median (25, 75) | 0 (0, 1) Mean 0.95 + 2.4 |
0 (0, 1) Mean 0.91 + 2.0 |
0 (0, 1) Mean 0.82 + 1.9 |
0 (0, 1) Mean 0.76 + 1.9 |
| Inpatient – median (25, 75) | 0 (0, 1) Mean 0.57 + 1.1 |
0 (0, 1) Mean 0.60 + 1.2 |
0 (0, 1) Mean 0.60 + 1.1 |
0 (0, 1) Mean 0.61 + 1.2 |
| Outpatient– median (25, 75) | 2 (0, 6) Mean 3.9 + 4.8 |
2 (0, 6) Mean 3.9 + 4.9 |
2 (0, 6) Mean 3.7+ 4.8 |
2 (0,7) Mean 4.0 + 5.0 |
| Hospitalized days – mean + SD | 3.5 + 9.5 | 4.2 + 12.7 | 3.9 + 10.0 | 4.3 + 11.0 |
*
Determined from the 183 days prior to and including the index date (the date of first HCQ dispensing)
+
Determined at the zip code level; mean + SD divided by 10,000