Table 1.

Perceived or Real Vulnerability to Research Risks

Group Membership	Research-Induced Vulnerability	Situational Vulnerability
Children Prisoners Pregnant women Members of the military Racial minorities Elders Refugees Minors	Poorly designed study Inadequate or biased consent discussion Misrepresentation of research risks and benefit Presented material above the reading level of potential participant Pressure by investigator to quickly decide Material presented in a way potential participant cannot understand	Stressful situation Sedated Non-English speaking Unable to read Fear of negative consequences Power differential Student or employee of investigator Patients of clinician-researcher Disenfranchised Economically disadvantaged