Table 3.

Possible beneficial effect of plants against Hg-induced kidney toxicity.

Plant Name	Effect of Hg on kidney	Outcome	References
Ginkgo biloba extract	Increases ROS generation, tissue collagen, Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA), decreases endogenous antioxidant activity	Restores all biochemical alteration by Hg intoxication	[59]
Tea Polyphenols and Schisandrin B	Increases activity of NAG, ALP. LDH, decreases activity of endogenous antioxidant, increases ROS generation, LPO, and apoptosis, histological alteration	Restores histological alteration, decreases oxidative stress, decreases activity of NAG, ALP. LDH.	[68]
Curcumin	Increases LPO, decreases CAT, SOD, GPx activity and glutathione level, histological alteration, mRNA expression of MT	Reverses the histological alteration, mRNA expression of MT, decreases oxidative stress	[69]
Vitamin E	Increases activity of ALP. LDH, increases LPO, decreases CAT, SOD, GPx activity and glutathione level, increases creatinine, BUN, increases Hg concentration, histological alteration	Restores histological alteration, decreases oxidative stress, decreases activity of ALP. LDH, decreases BUN, creatinine, decreases Hg concentration	[70]
Pomegranate seed oil	Increases MDA level, decreases total thiol content, increases blood urea and creatinine, protein conc. in urine, histological alteration	Decreases oxidative stress (MDA), decreases blood urea, creatinine and protein in urine, restores thiol content, presence of mild lesion in kidney	[79]
Tribulus terrestris fruit extract	Increases LPO, decreases CAT, SOD, GSH level.	Decreases LPO, increases CAT, SOD, GSH level.	[80]
Eruca sativa seed extract	Increases BUN and creatinine, decreases activity of CAT, SOD, GPx, GR, decreases SH group, increases thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, presences of focal necrosis, and congested glomeruli and stroma in kidney histology	Scavenges DPPH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (.OH) and nitric oxide (NO), superoxide.	[81]
Arabic gum	Increases blood creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, Reduces activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase, increases NO level Glomerular and tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis, and desquamation of the tubular epithelial cells in the renal cortex in kidney histology	Normalizes the pathological conditions	[81]
Juglans sinensis Dode extract	Decreases GFR, increases plasma creatinine, increases LPO, decreases renal p-aminohippurate uptake	Normalizes the pathological conditions	[82]