Table 2. Mean difference of LIS vs. SAS and female vs. male.

Parameter	Mean difference	SD	95% CI	P
Less invasive vs. median sternotomy
GFR (mL/min)	11.53	16.80	(−44.86, 21.80)	0.494
S-creatinine (mg/dL)	−0.33	0.54	(−1.41, 0.75)	0.543
S-urea (mmol/L)	−0.42	4.07	(−8.50, 7.66)	0.918
Female vs. male
GFR (mL/min)	−12.65	13.37	(−39.18, 13.87)	0.346
S-creatinine (mg/dL)	0.02	0.44	(−0.84, 0.88)	0.965
S-urea (mmol/L)	4.06	3.22	(−2.33, 10.45)	0.210

LIS, less invasive surgery; SAS, standard approach surgery.