Table 3.

Hazard ratio for all-cause and cancer mortality by urinary lead level-NHANES 1999–2010.

Urinary lead level (μg/L)	N	cHR (95% CI)	aHR (95% CI)a	aHR (95% CI)b
All-cause mortality
≤0.40	137	1.00	1.00	1.00
0.41–0.73	142	1.21 (0.94–1.57)	1.59 (1.20–2.11)	1.22 (0.92–1.62)
0.74–1.26	160	1.40 (1.02–1.91)	2.05 (1.45–2.91)	1.40 (0.99–1.99)
>1.26	228	1.93 (1.32–2.83)	3.15 (2.05–4.83)	1.79 (1.15–2.78)
P for trend		<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Cancer mortality
≤0.40	22	1.00	1.00	1.00
0.41–0.73	31	2.32 (1.23–4.39)	2.79 (1.42–5.48)	2.05 (1.03–4.05)
0.74–1.26	42	4.26 (1.97–9.20)	5.52 (2.40–12.68)	3.68 (1.58–8.57)
>1.26	66	8.51 (3.42–21.16)	11.83 (4.38–31.93)	6.60 (2.37–18.37)
P for trend		<0.01	<0.01	<0.01

cHR, crude hazard ratio; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; N, number of deaths; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI, body mass index; PIR, poverty income ratio.

^aModel was adjusted for creatinine (a marker of urine dilution).

^bModel was adjusted for creatinine, sex, age, education, race, PIR, BMI, smoking status, alcohol-use status, diabetes status, and high blood pressure status.