Table 3.

Head Start Impact Study Results

a. Sustained Classroom Environment - End of Kindergarten Language and Literacy Composite
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	End of HS	Spring of K	Spring of K	Spring of K	Adjusted for Kindergarten Classroom Fixed Effect
Treatment	0.16*	−0.15*	−0.15*	−0.15*	−0.10
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.27)
Total Advanced Literacy Activities in K (times per month; std.)			0.09+	0.06
			(0.05)	(0.07)
Total Basic Literacy Activities in K (times per month; std.)			−0.10*	−0.08
			(0.05)	(0.07)
Treat * Advanced Literacy Activities				0.04
				(0.09)
Treat * Basic Literacy Activities				−0.04
				(0.10)
Observations	1043	1043	1041	1041	1043
b. Sustained Classroom Environment - End of First Grade Language and Literacy Composite
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	End of HS	Spring of 1st Grade	Spring of 1st Grade	Spring of 1st Grade
Treatment	0.16*	−0.08	−0.07	−0.07
	(0.08)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.07)
Total Advanced Literacy Activities in K and G1 combined (times per month; std.)			0.12+	0.12
			(0.07)	(0.11)
Total Basic Literacy Activities in K and G1 combined (times per month; std.)			−0.12+	−0.11
			(0.07)	(0.10)
Treat * Advanced Literacy Activities				−0.00
				(0.14)
Treat * Basic Literacy Activities				−0.02
				(0.12)
Observations	1043	1065	1065	1065

Note: Models 1-4 only include children whose teacher responded to the survey. Analyses of outcomes based on teacher response status available in Appendix Table E. Analyses using each individual outcome variable comprising the literacy composite are available in Appendix Table G. Standard errors clustered at class level (in parentheses). All models include fixed effects for center of random assignment and are weighted using inverse probability of treatment weights to adjust for differential attrition and complex sampling. Outcome measures are in standard deviation units. Weights include all the baseline child and family control variables.

⁺p < .10;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01