Table 2.
Logistic Regression of Cancer Occurrence on Independent Variables by Sex, Midlife Development in the United States (Wave 1–1995 and Wave 2–2005)
| Independent variables | Model 1a
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Additive childhood misfortune (0–5) | 1.307*b | 1.124 | — | — | — | — |
| (1.009, 1.693)c | (0.948, 1.332) | |||||
| Types of childhood misfortune | ||||||
| Household socioeconomic status (SES) | ||||||
| Welfare | — | — | 0.581 | 1.006 | 0.519 | 0.992 |
| (0.149, 2.265) | (0.265, 3.826) | (0.132, 2.033) | (0.258, 3.816) | |||
| Financially worse than others | — | — | 1.876 | 0.813 | 1.641 | 0.803 |
| (0.972, 3.623) | (0.486, 1.360) | (0.827, 3.256) | (0.480, 1.342) | |||
| Low education—head of household | — | — | 0.928 | 1.092 | 0.892 | 1.117 |
| (0.506, 1.702) | (0.685, 1.740) | (0.502, 1.587) | (0.670, 1.784) | |||
| Household composition | ||||||
| Parental death | — | — | 1.669 | 1.681 | 1.792 | 1.670 |
| (0.504, 5.520) | (0.767, 3.684) | (0.588, 5.463) | (0.752, 3.706) | |||
| Parental divorce | — | — | 0.796 | 1.036 | 0.756 | 1.010 |
| (0.291, 2.179) | (0.538, 1.995) | (0.272, 2.101) | (0.522, 1.951) | |||
| No male in household | — | — | 0.265 | 1.106 | 0.276 | 1.063 |
| (0.049, 1.445) | (0.414, 2.956) | (0.050, 1.520) | (0.398, 2.837) | |||
| Health at age 16 | ||||||
| Poor physical health | — | — | 0.805 | 0.746 | 0.804 | 0.789 |
| (0.064, 10.177) | (0.239, 2.333) | (0.051, 12.726) | (0.262, 2.381) | |||
| Poor mental health | — | — | 1.469 | 1.441 | 1.551 | 1.359 |
| (0.378, 5.716) | (0.642, 3.235) | (0.383, 6.278) | (0.624, 2.960) | |||
| Abuse by perpetrator | ||||||
| Physical abuse—mom | — | — | 0.870d | 2.211* | — | — |
| (0.324, 2.339) | (1.114, 4.388) | |||||
| Physical abuse—dad | — | — | 2.559* | 1.009 | — | — |
| (1.173, 5.581) | (0.482, 2.116) | |||||
| Physical abuse–sibling | — | — | 0.526 | 0.708 | 0.549 | 0.711 |
| (0.222, 1.250) | (0.379, 1.326) | (0.219, 1.375) | (0.392, 1.290) | |||
| Physical abuse—other | — | — | 1.124 | 0.780 | 1.188 | 0.786 |
| (0.503, 2.510) | (0.337, 1.805) | (0.505, 2.791) | (0.349, 1.769) | |||
| Emotional abuse— mom | — | — | 1.037 | 0.767 | — | — |
| (0.319, 3.375) | (0.417, 1.412) | |||||
| Emotional abuse—dad | — | — | 1.274 | 1.637 | — | — |
| (0.532, 3.052) | (0.910, 2.944) | |||||
| Emotional abuse—sibling | — | — | 2.051 | 1.018 | 1.887 | 1.027 (0.591, 1.784) |
| (0.907, 4.639) | (0.579, 1.792) | (0.850, 4.188) | ||||
| Emotional abuse—other | — | — | 0.552 | 1.032 | 0.549 | 1.000 (0.501, 1.974) |
| (0.229, 1.331) | (0.520, 2.046) | (0.218, 1.385) | ||||
| Frequency of emotional and physical abuse by parentse | ||||||
| Rarely one or both types | — | — | — | — | 2.121 | 0.681 |
| (0.969, 4.646) | (0.365, 1.271) | |||||
| Frequently only one type | — | — | — | — | 1.059 | 1.490 |
| (0.355, 3.155) | (0.786, 2.826) | |||||
| Frequently both types | — | — | — | — | 3.558** | 2.184** |
| (1.467, 8.629) | (1.221, 3.905) | |||||
| −2 log likelihood | 219.458 | 482.702 | 201.864 | 445.206 | 201.144 | 444.566 |
| N | 1,312 | 1,374 | 1,268 | 1,313 | 1,273 | 1,318 |
a
All Models are adjusted for age, race, education, income, smoking, obesity, marital status, family strain, depressive symptoms, and agency.
b
Odds ratio.
c
95% confidence interval.
d
Italicized odds ratio and confidence interval denote sex differences (p < .05) while adjusting for test of unequal residual variance.
e
Reference group is never experienced either physical or emotional abuse by parent.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001 (two-tailed tests).