Fig. 2.

An applied electric field induces polarized activation of PI3K kinase. AKT PH domain-GFP fusion protein reports activation and polarization of PI3K kinase/AKT pathway in an HL-60 differentiated neutrophil-like cell in an electric field. The activation is at the leading edge, when the field polarity is reversed (at 170 s), the new activation site and leading edge form (at 440 s), and the cell moves in the opposite direction. The figure is reproduced with permission from the article of Zhao et al. [26] (Copyright 2006 by Springer Nature)