Figure 1.

Mechanism pathway involved in calorie restriction effect. Calorie restriction upregulates activated protein kinase and sirtuin pathways and downregulates insulin-like growth factor 1/insulin pathway. Generally, calorie restriction activates a pathway that reduces inflammation, reactive oxygen species production, and oxidative stress by improving mitochondrial biogenesis and detoxifying enzyme activity. Moreover, it can regulate cell proliferation and differentiation by regulating nuclear factors: induce: --->, inhibit: ---|