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. 2018 Mar 20;54(1):6. doi: 10.3390/medicina54010006

Table 4.

Non-ocular conditions associated with amblyopia.

Risk Factor Amblyopic Children No. (%) Non-Amblyopic Children No. (%) p Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Demographic factor (urban/rural) 10 (28.6) 604 (50.50) 0.0105 2.55 (1.21–5.36)
Gender (female/male) 24 (68.6) 792 (66.22) 0.771 1.11 (0.54–2.29)
Maternal BMI <18.5 19 (54.3) 164 (13.71) <0.001 7.47 (3.77–14.83)
Maternal BMI >25 3 (9) 20 (1.7) 0.002 5.51 (1.56–19.50)
Maternal age ≥35 years 3 (9) 12 (1) 0.000057 9.25 (2.49–34.39)
Toxic environment 11 (31.4) 24 (2) <0.001 22.38 (9.86–50.83)
Smoking during pregnancy 17 (48.6) 156 (13.04) <0.001 6.30 (3.18–12.48)
Caesarean birth 18 (51.4) 528 (44.19) 0.392 1.34 (0.68–2.62)
Prematurity 14 (40) 152 (12.7) <0.001 4.58 (2.28–9.20)
Apgar score <7 4 (11) 28 (2.3) 0.0008 5.38 (1.78–16.28)
Birth weight <2500 g 11 (31.4) 148 (12.37) 0.0009 3.25 (1.56–6.76)