Table 1.
Summary of available Typhoid Fever Diagnostic Techniques.
| Diagnostic Tests | Principle | Sensitivity | Specificity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-immunodiagnostic Methods | ||||
| Blood Culture | Based on the ability of viable cell to grow on culture medium | 15.38–51.8% | 100% | [18,19] |
| Stool Culture | <50% | 93% | [20,21] | |
| PCR (without enrichment in blood culture) | Relies on amplification of gene of interest | 90–100% | 100% | [22,23,24,25] |
| Immunodiagnostic Methods | ||||
| TPTest | Measures S. Typhi membrane preparation (MP)-specific IgA responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture secretions | 96.0% | 96.6% | [19,26,27] |
| Tube Widal | Measures agglutinating antibodies against O and H antigens of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A; uses a tube or slide | 65.38% | 89.83% | [18,22] |
| Cromotest® O: semiquantitative slide agglutination | 95.2% | 3.6% | [21] | |
| Cromotest® H: semiquantitative slide agglutination | 80.3% | 50.0 | [21] | |
| PanBio | ELISA detecting anti-LPS IgG and IgM | 78% | 80% | [28] |
| SD Bioline | ICT LFA cassette detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against an undefined Salmonella Typhi antigen | 69% | 79% | [29] |
| Mega Salmonella | ELISA detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against an undefined Salmonella Typhi antigen | 91% | 49% | [29] |
| LifeAssay Test-it | Detects IgM antibodies against Salmonella typhi LPS in an ICT LFA cassette | 59% | 98% | [30] |
| Typhidot | Measures IgM and IgG antibodies against a 50-kDa outer membrane protein of Salmonella Typhi in an immunodot test format | 67–98% | 58–100% | [29,31,32,33,34] |
| Typhidot M | Measures IgM antibodies, after removal of IgG antibodies, against a 50-kDa outer membrane protein of Salmonella Typhi in a dot blot format | 47–98% | 65–93% | [31,32,35] |
| TyphiRapid IgM and IgG IgM (Combo) | Measures IgM antibodies, after removal of IgG antibodies, against a 50-kDa outer membrane protein of Salmonella Typhi in an ICT LFAa cassette format | 89–100% | 85–89% | [36,37] |
| Tubex TF | Detects antibody against Salmonella Typhi LPS with an inhibition assay format and a visual result readout | 56–100% | 58–100% | [29,32,33,34,35,37,38] |
| Enterocheck-WB | Dipstick detecting anti-LPS IgM antibodies | 89% | 97% | [39] |
| Multi-Test-Dip-S-Ticks | Dipstick detecting anti-LPS IgG and IgM | 89% | 53% | [33] |
| PanBio | ELISA detecting anti-LPS IgG and IgM | 78% | 80% | [28] |