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. 2018 Jul 3;12:1985–1996. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S156941

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The main mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced damage considered responsible for the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy: increased polyol pathway flux, increased AGEs formation, increased hexosamine pathway flux, and activation of PKC.

Notes: Adapted from Safi SZ, Qvist R, Kumar S, Batumalaie K, Ismail IS. Molecular mecha nisms of diabetic retinopathy, general preventive strategies, and novel therapeutic targets. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:801269. Copyright © 2014 Sher Zaman Safi et al.31

Abbreviations: AGEs, advanced glycation end-products; PKC, protein kinase C; ROS, reactive oxygen species.